Fransızcada Ve Türkçede İlgeçlerin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Fransızcada yaygın olarak kullanılan ilgeçlerin (à, de, en, sur, par, dans, pour, avec) ve onların ''postposition'' olarak adlandırılan Türkçedeki eş karşılıklarının (-(y)E², -D²E², -D²E²n, üzerinde, tarafından, içinde, için, ile) işlevsel değerlerini incelemeyi amaçladık. Türk dilini ve Fransız dilini kısa bir şekilde tanıttıktan sonra, Türkçedeki ve Fransızcadaki ilgeçleri tanımlayıp onları Türkçe ve Fransızca örnek tümcelerde kullandık. Verdiğimiz örnekleri karşılaştırıp bu örneklerden hareketle Fransızcadaki ve Türkçedeki ilgeçlerin ortak ve özgün işlevlerini bulmaya çalıştık. Ayrıca, ilgeçlerin işlevsel değerlerini bulmaya yönelik kavramlar kullanarak bu kavramlardan sayısal verilere ulaştık. Bu verileri incelemek karşılaştırmalı bir tablodan yararlandık. Bu tablodan elde ettiğimiz sonuçlara göre, ilgeçlerin, tümcede kullanıldıklarında sözcük temelinde aynı anlamı verseler de çoğu zaman birbirlerinden farklı; bazen de ortak işlevsel değerlere sahip olduklarını gördük. ilgecinin özgün bir işlevi yoktur. "Dans" ve "İçinde" ilgeçlerinin üç ortak işlevi vardır. "Dans" ilgecinin üç özgün işlevi vardır. "İçinde" ilgecinin özgün bir işlevi yoktur. "Pour" ve "İçin" ilgeçlerinin dört ortak işlevi vardır. "Pour" ilgecinin beş özgün işlevi vardır. "İçin" ilgecinin bir özgün işlevi vardır. "Avec" ve "İle" ilgeçlerinin beş ortak işlevi vardır. "Avec" ilgecinin bir özgün işlevi vardır. "İle" ilgecinin iki özgün işlevi vardır

The aim of this study is the comparison of the functional values of the common French prepositions (à, de, en, sur, par, dans, pour, avec ) and their equivalents referred to as ‘’postpositions’’ in Turkish (- (y )E², - D²E², -D²E²n, üzerinde, tarafından, içinde, için, ile ) . After a brief introduction of the French and the Turkish languages, we define prepositions and postpositions and compare these through examples given without context to understand the functions that are unique to them as well as the functions that they share. So we make use of concepts of the functional values of prepositions and postpositions, to identify their values and common usages. In order to analyse these values, we utilise a comparative table in which we compare numerical results. Since this table, according to our results based on prepositions and postpositions, contain the same direction on the lexical database when they are used in a sentence, we deduce that they have different functional values. According to the numerical results, the preposition “À” and postposition “– (y)E²” have eight common functions : place of destination, date, hour, beneficiary, price, obligation, concerning, situation. The preposition “À” has six unique functions: attribution, containing, possession, approximation, aim, place of presence. The postposition “– (y)E²” has one own function : demonstrative direction. The preposition “À” and the postposition” -D²E²” have five functions in common: place of presence, date, hour, possession, situation. The preposition “À” has nine unique functions: concerning, beneficiary, containing, price, approximation, aim, obligation, allotment, place of destination. The postposition “-D²E²” has four unique functions: field, completion time, time place without displacement. The preposition “De” and the posposition” -D²E²n” have eight functions in common: duration, agent of the sentence, material, price, containing, partition, causality, place of origin, concerning. The preposition “De” has three unique functions: approximation, instrument, possession. The postposition “- D²E²n” has two unique functions: passage and time. The preposition “En” and the postposition “-D²E²” have six funtions in common: date, time, field, situation, place of presence, completion time. The preposition “En” has five unique functions: place of destination, material, form, vehicle of transport, simultaneity. The postposition “- D²E²” has three unique functions: hour, place without displacement, possession. The preposition “Sur” and the postposition “Üzerinde” have 206 Serkan DEMİRAL –Muzaffer KAYA Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 11/10 Spring 2016 two functions in common: surface, concerning. The preposition “Sur” has four unique functions: direction, proportion, time approximation, posteriority. The postposition “Üzerinde” has no specific function. The preposition “Par” and the postposition “Tarafından” have two functions in common: agent, place. The preposition “Par” has four unique functions: completion time, vehicle of transport, distribution, passage. The postposition “Tarafından” has no specific function. The preposition “Dans” and the postposition “İçinde” have three functions in common: place of presence, time, place. The preposition “Dans” has three unique fonctions: time, approximation, place of destination. The postposition “İçinde” has no specific function. The preposition “Pour” and the postposition “İçin” have four functions in common: aim, concerning, beneficiary, consideration. The preposition “Pour” has five unique functions: convenience, price, duration, partiality, destination. The postposition “İçin” has one unique function: cause and consequence. The preposition “Avec” and the postposition “İle” have five functions in common: possession, addition, simultaneity, instrument, and accompaniment. The preposition “Avec” has one unique function: form. The postposition “İle” has two unique functions : vehicle of transport and causality. Correspondingly, this research has allowed us to see that there are differences as well as similarities regarding the functional value of the French prepositions and the Turkish postpositions. Since the comparative table, when we compared them, we can say firstly that it is possible to use postpositions “- (y)E²”, “-D²E²”, “-D²E²n” in palce of the common prepositions “à”, “de”, “en”, “sur”, “par”, “dans”. All postpositions which are used as prepositions are composed of these three endings which can approximately be used in place of all postpositions as prepositions while prepositions change radically the meaning in the phrase when they are used to each one another. It is for this reason that there are different functional values between the prepositions and their equivalent in Turkish.