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    Breeding Value Estimation of Dairy Cattle Using Test Day Milk Yields for Brown Swiss Cows Reared at Ulas State Farm
    (Medwell Online, 2008) Çilek, Süleyman; Kaygisiz, Ali
    In this study, it was aimed to calculate genetic parameters of 305 day milk yield and breeding value estimation of Brown Swiss Cattle reared on Ulas State Farm. Later, analysis results were compared. In this study, 830 first lactation records of daughter sired by 58 bulls that had at least 5 daughters were used. Additive genetic variance, error variance, permanent variance, environment variance, heritability, repeatability and breeding value were estimated using REML animal model. Heritability of test day milk yields (0, 10) was higher than the heritability of 305 day milk yield (0, 02) Correlation between breeding values estimated using test day milk yields and breeding value of 305 day milk yield was found statistically significant (p<0.01) and high level (0.862). In estimation of breeding value for test day milk yields and 305 day milk yield, Spearman and Kendall correlations between rankings of bulls were found 0.853 and 0.662 and statistically significant (p<0.01). According to results of this study, in genetic evaluation of dairy cows, test day milk yields should be used instead of 305 day milk yield. Furthermore, in genetic evaluation of dairy cows, there are advantages for using test day milk yields. Test day milk yields ought to be taken into consideration in early culling and selection of cows for milk yield.
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    Environmental factors affecting fertility traits of Thoroughbred and Halfbred horses reared in Turkey
    (Indian Counc Agricultural Res, 2008) Çilek, Süleyman
    The aim of this study was to investigate environmental factors affecting fertility traits of Thoroughbred and Halfbred mares raised at a stud farm in Bursa between 1985 and 2000. The factor that showed the greatest influence over the fertility traits was the breeding month of mares. The effect of breeding month on first servicing period, service period and foaling interval was statistically significant. The effect of sex of foal on gestation length was statistically significant. The least square means of gestation length. first servicing period, and fouling interval were 337.6 days. 62.9 days. 81.7 days. 413 days for Thoroughbred: 333.4 days, 51.3 days, 70.3 days and 400 days for Halfbred, respectively. Ratios of pregnancy. sterility. parturition and abortion were 67.07, 31.14, 52.10 and 14.97% for Thoroughbred, 71.34, 27.07. 56.69 and 14.65%, for Halfbred, respectively. It can be concluded that reproductive performance of Halfbred and Thoroughbred horses are low in this stud farm. Better performance levels can be obtained by culling old and infertile mares and better management.
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    Environmental Factors Affecting Growth Characteristics in Purebred Arabian Foals Reared at Anadolu State Farm in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Çilek, Süleyman
    The purpose of this study was to determine the level of growth characteristics and to investigate the effects of environmental factors on these characteristics in purebred Arabian foals reared at Anadolu state farm. The study was carried out on the date obtained from 1681 foals at birth, 268 foals at 6 month, 422 foals at one years of age, 160 foals at 2 years of age and 37 foals at 3 years of age between the years 1987 and 2007. Although, the effect of foaling month was insignificant (p>0.05), the effects of foaling age, foaling year and sex of foals on birth weight were significant (p<0.001-p<0.05). Colts weighed 46.27 +/- 0.40 kg at birth, while fillies weighted 45.22 +/- 0.40 kg at birth. Means of body weights at birth was 45.74 +/- 0.31 kg. The average values for withers height of colts and fillies at birth, 6 month, 1, 2 and 3 years of age were 96.66 +/- 0.08, 136.29 +/- 0.34, 142.18 +/- 0.42, 149.80 +/- 0.37 and 151.79 +/- 0.78 cm, respectively. Average values heart girth were 80.06 +/- 0.08, 148.16 +/- 0.48, 156.70 +/- 0.36, 170.96 +/- 0.54 and 175.33 +/- 0.99 cm, respectively. The average values for body length foals at birth, 6th month, 1, 2 and 3 years of age were, respectively 69.03 +/- 0.23, 122.01 +/- 0.39, 132.08 +/- 0.86, 142.04 +/- 0.46, 145.08 +/- 1.00. Averages values for cannon bone circumference were 10.63 +/- 0.10, 16.64 +/- 0.07, 17.73 +/- 0.04, 18.82 +/- 0.08, 19.32 +/- 0.11, respectively. At the end this study, it was concluded that growth performance of purebred Arabian horses reared at Anadolu state farm were good. Mean values of body measurement at some periods (birth, 6 month, 1, 2 and 3 year) can be used to control growth of foals in this farm and growth performance of foals was evaluated according to these values.
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    Environmental factors affecting reproductive performance of mares
    (Indian Counc Agricultural Res, 2008) Çilek, Süleyman
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    Lactation Curve Traits of Holstein Cows Raised at Polatli State Farm
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2009) Keskin, İsmail; Çilek, Süleyman; İlhan, Fatma
    This study was done to determine lactation curves traits of Holstein cows raised at Polatli State Farm. Gamma curve parameters (Yt = at(b)e(-ct)) of Wood were used in determination of the types of lactation curve. In this study, values of parameters a, b, c were used in determination of the shape and type of lactation curve. All parameters in typical lactation curves are positive. As one of these parameters is negative, curve is atypical lactation curve. If both b and c parameter are negative, lactation curves are concave. If b parameter is negative and c parameter is positive, lactation curve have negative slope (decreasing type). In total 2581 lactation curves were investigated in this study, 2049 lactation curves were determined as typical (79.39%), 253 lactation curves were determined as concave (9.80%). 279 lactation curves were determined as decreasing type (10.81%). For typical lactation curves, a (beginning yield), b (coefficient of rising), c (coefficient of decreasing), persistency (S), the time after parturition when the peak yield occurs (T-max), maximum daily peak yield (Y-max) and coefficient of determination of variation (R-2) were 27.5 +/- 0.18, 0.47 +/- 0.008, 0.178 +/- 0.0023, 2.7 +/- 0.001, 81 +/- 2.1, 26.7 +/- 0.15, 68.0 +/- 0.50, respectively. For concave lactation curves, values of a, b, c, Tmax, Ymax and R-2 were found as 23.5 +/- 0.42, -0.37 +/- 0.016, -0.062 +/- 0.0038, 744 +/- 159, 16.5 +/- 0.42 and 47.8 +/- 1.68, respectively. For decreasing typical lactation curves, values of a, b, c, Tmax, S and R-2 were found as 27.6 +/- 0.41, -0.13 +/- 0.007, 0.051 +/- 0.0023, -567 +/- 327, 2.9 +/- 0.05 and 65.8 +/- 1.33, respectively.
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    Malya Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen Esmer irkı ineklerin süt verim özellikleri ve bunlar üzerine bazı çevre faktörlerinin etkileri
    (2010) Çilek, Süleyman; Bakır, Galip
    Bu çalışma, Malya Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen Esmer ırkı ineklerin süt verim özellikleri ve bu verimlere bazı çevresel faktörlerin (buzağılama yılı, buzağılama mevsimi ve buzağılama yaşı) etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Laktasyon süresi, laktasyon süt verimi, 305 günlük süt verimi ve kuru döneme ait en küçük kareler ortalamaları sırasıyla 312.02±0.98 gün, 5811.28±26.31 kg, 5525.92±22.35 kg ve 76.82±0.63 gün olarak bulunmuştur. Laktasyon ve 305 günlük süt verimleri üzerine tüm çevresel faktörlerin etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.001). Benzer şekilde, laktasyon süresi üzerine buzağılama mevsimi, buzağılama yaşı ve buzağılama yılının etkisi (P<0.001-P<0.05) ve kuru dönem üzerine buzağılama yılı ve yaşının etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.001). Bu araştırmada sonunda, Türkiye’nin karasal iklim şartlarına sahip bölgesinde bulunan Malya Tarım İşletmesi’ndeki Esmer ırkı ineklerin, başarılı şekilde yetiştirildikleri ve süt verim özellikleri bakımından oldukça iyi seviyede oldukları kanaatine varılmıştır.
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    Milk Yield Traits of Holstein Cattle Reared at Tahirova State Farm in Balikesir Province in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Bakır, Galip; Kaygisiz, Ali; Çilek, Süleyman
    In this study, effects of environmental factors on milk yield and milk yield characteristics of Holstein cows raised at Tahirova state farm in Balikesir province of Turkey have been investigated. A total of 1302 milk records obtained between 2000 and 2007 were used in this study. As milk yield traits, lactation duration, lactation milk yield, 305 days milk yield and dry period were investigated. Effect of environmental factors on milk yield traits was analyzed by using the least square means method. The least square means for the lactation duration, lactation milk yield, 305 days milk and dry period yield were 331.74 +/- 1.55 days, 7574.39 +/- 55.22 kg, 6810.14 +/- 56.38 kg and 79.47 +/- 0.90 days, respectively. The effects of calving year on lactation duration, lactation milk yield, 305 days milk yield and dry period were much significant (p<0.01). Effect of calving season on lactation duration was significant (p<0.05). Effect calving age on lactation duration and lactation milk yield was significant (p<0.05, p<0.01). The effects parity on lactation duration, lactation milk yield, 305 days milk yield and dry period were significant (p<0.01-0.05). It can be said that Holstein cattle have quite well milk yield and are raised successfully on Tahirova state farm and under conditions of west Anatolia in Turkey. To obtain much higher milk yield in this farm, true selection for milk yield should be done and better feeding, care and management should be done.
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    Milk Yield Traits of Holstein Cows Raised at Polatli State Farm in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Çilek, Süleyman
    The present research was carried out to determine milk yield traits and effects of environmental factors on these traits in Holstein cows raised at Polatli State Farm located in Ankara province. A total of 3011 production records between 1993 and 2006 were constituted the research material. Environmental factors were analyzed by Least Squares Method. Effects of parity (lactation number) on 305 days milk yield, lactation duration and dry period were significant (p<0.001-p<0.05). Effect of calving year on 305 days milk yield was significant at the p<0.001 level, nevertheless, not significant on both lactation length and dry period. Effect of calving year was significant statisticaly for all milk yield traits (p<0.001). Effect of calving age on 305 days milk yield and dry period were significant (p<0.001), nevertheless, not significant for lactation length. The least square means of 305 dayss milk yield, lactation duration and dry period were 5606.92+/-75.49 kg, 303.40+/-3.04 days and 98.15+/-2.25 days, respectively. Under Turkish conditions and steppe climate of middle Anatolia, it can be concluded that Holstein cattle are raised successfully for milk yield on Polatli state farm.
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    Polatlı tarım işletmesinde yetiştirilen siyah alaca sığırların laktasyon eğrisi özellikleri
    (2009) Keskin, İsmail; Çilek, Süleyman; İlhan, Fatma
    Bu çalışma, Polatlı Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca sığırların laktasyon eğrisi özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Laktasyon eğrisi parametreleri ile eğrinin tip ve şekillerinin belirlenmesinde Wood’un geliştirdiği Gamma fonksiyonu (Yt atbe-ct) kullanılmış, a, b ve c parametrelerinin aldıkları değerlere göre laktasyon eğrisi tipleri tanımlanmıştır. Tipik laktasyon eğrisinde parametrelerin hepsi pozitiftir. Parametrelerden herhangi birisinin negatif olması durumunda eğri tipik olmayan eğri, eğer b ve c parametrelerinin her ikisi de negatif ise eğri içbükey, b negatif fakat c pozitif ise laktasyon eğrisi azalan tip eğri olarak ifade edilmiştir. İncelenen toplam 2581 laktasyon kaydının 2049’unun (%79.39) tipik, 253’ünün (%9.80) içbükey ve 279’unun ise (%10.81) azalan tip eğri karakterinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tipik olarak adlandırılan laktasyon eğrilerine ait parametreler, a (başlangıç süt verimi), b (yükselme katsayısı), c (düşüş katsayısı), S (persistensi), Tmax (günlük maksimum süt verimine ulaşma süresi), Ymax (günlük maksimum süt verimi) ve R2 (belirleme katsayısı) sırasıyla 27.50.18, 0.470.008, 0.1780.0023, 2.70.001, 812.1, 26.70.15, 68.00.50; içbükey için, a, b, c, Tmax, Ymax ve R2 sırasıyla 23.50.42, -0.370.016, -0.0620.0038, 744159, 16.50.42 ve 47.81.68; azalan tip eğri için ise, a, b, c, Tmax, S ve R2 sırasıyla 27.60.41, -0.130.007, 0.0510.0023, -567327, 2.90.05 ve 65.81.33 olarak tespit edilmiştir.
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    Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cows Raised at Polatli State Farm in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Çilek, Süleyman
    The present research, was carried out to determine reproductive traits and effects of environmental factors on these traits in Holstein cows raised at polatli state farm located in Ankara province. A total of 2177 reproduction records between 1997 and 2006 were constituted the research material. Environmental factors were analyzed by least squares method. The least square means of gestation duration, first servicing period service period, NIPC and calving were 274.971+/-0.524, 111.55+/-3.73, 149.60+/-4.36, 1.72+/-0.05 and 427.88+/-4.36 days, respectively. On gestation duration, effects of breeding year, breeding age, birth type and sex of calf were significant (p<0.001). However, effect of breeding season on gestation duration was non-significant (p>0.05). Effects of breeding age on all reproductive traits (service period, first servicing period, Number of Insemination for Per Conception (NIPC) and calving interval) were significant (p<0.001). Effect of breeding season on service period and on calving interval was significant (p<0.05). However, effect of breeding season on first servicing period and on NIPC was non-significant (p>0.05). As effect of breeding year on all reproductive traits was significant first servicing period, management was the most important factor in this study.
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    A Research on Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cattle Reared at Tahirova State Farm in Balikesir Province in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Bakır, Galip; Çilek, Süleyman
    The aim of this study was to investigate environmental factors affecting reproductive traits of Holstein cows and heifers raised at the Tahirova state farm in province Balikesir in Turkey. Reproductive traits were investigated by using 1074 records between 2000 and 2008. The least square means of age of first breeding, age of first calving, service period, calving interval and gestation length were 523.90 +/- 6.71, 815.38 +/- 7.18, 387.69 +/- 1.60, 122.30 +/- 1.67 and 277.45 +/- 0.27 days, respectively. Effects of calving year, calving age, calving season on age of first breeding and age of first calving were statistically significant (p<0.01). The effects of calving age, calving year and calving season on calving interval were significant (p<0.01-0.05). Although, the effect of calving year on service period was non-significant (p>0.05), the effects of calving age and calving season on service period were significant (p<0.01-0.05). Effects of sex of calf, calving age, calving year and calving season on gestation length were statistically significant (p<0.01-0.05). According to these results, it can be concluded that reproductive performance of Holstein cattle reared at this farm in Balikesir province were raised more successful than state farms in other regions of Turkey. To obtain better reproductive performance, service period should be decreased, heifers should be bred at 15 months of age, oestrus detection and artificial insemination should be done at the right time and convenient manner, GnRH injections was done for cows with high milk yield.
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    Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Rotifers of Camligoze Dam Lake, Susehri, Sivas, Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Dirican, Seher; Musul, Haldun; Çilek, Süleyman
    This study was carried out to determine some physico-chemical characteristics and rotifers of Camligoze Dam Lake located at northeastern part of Turkey. For this aim, water and rotifer samples were taken from 2 station between May 16 and November 16, 2007 in Camligoze Dam Lake. A total of 11 rotifer species; Brachionus plicatilis, Kellicottia longispina, Notholca acuminata, Notholca squamula, Colurella uncinata, Lecane Tuna, Lecane lunaris, Cephalodella gibba, Synchaeta oblonga, Synchaeta pectinata and Polyarthra dolichoptera were determined in the Camligoze Dam Lake. In the water samples, totally 5 physico-chemical parameters; water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, secchi disc depth and dissolved oxygen were analyzed. As a result of this study, Camligoze Dam Lake was found there are no serious a water pollution problem.
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    The Survey of Reproductive Success in Arabian Horse Breeding from 1976-2007 at Anadolu State Farm in Turkey
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Çilek, Süleyman
    The aim of this study, was to determine the level of some important production characteristics and to investigate some environmental factors affecting fertility traits of purebred Arabian mares raised at Anadolu state farm in Eskisehir for last 30 years. This study was carried out on the data obtained from 2189 mares for fertility traits between 1976 and 2006. The least square means of gestation length, first servicing period, service period, foaling interval, oestrus cycle per pregnancy and NIPC was 334.3 +/- 0.22, 24.91 +/- 0.93, 45.12 +/- 1.09 and 371.79 +/- 1.57 days, 1.53 +/- 0.03, 5.68 +/- 0.10, respectively. Heritability of gestation duration was estimated 0.22 +/- 0.06 by paternal half sib method from 2093 gestation duration of purebred Arabian mares sired by 49 stallion, which had at least 5 daughters. It can said that effect of environmental factors on gestation duration is higher than genetic factors. The average gestation length was estimated as 334.3 0.22 days for Arabian mares. Effects of foal sex, breeding age, breeding month and breeding year were significant (p<0.001-0.05). Colt foal pregnancies were longer than fillies. Gestation duration increased with age up to maturity and decreased thereafter. Shortest gestation duration was found in mares bred in June. Although, the effect of breeding month on first servicing period was insignificant (p>0.05), effect of breeding month on service period, on foaling interval, on oestrus cycle per pregnancy and on Number of Insemination for Per Conception (NIPC) was significant (p<0.001). Although, effect of breeding year on oestrus cycle per pregnancy was insignificant (p>0.05), effect of foaling year on first servicing period, on service period, on foaling interval and on NIPC was significant (p<0.001-0.05). On the basis of mares at mating oestrus, from fertility records of 3223 mares, ratios of oestrus, sub-oestrus, pregnancy, sterility, parturition and abortion were 98.70, 1.30, 74.00, 26.00, 69.07 and 4.93% for Arabian mares, respectively. As ratio of parturition was >80% after 2000 year, it can be concluded that reproductive performance of Arabian horses are higher after 2000 year. The factors have the greatest influence over the fertility traits were the breeding month of mares and breeding year. Better performance levels can be obtained by culling old, emphysema pulmonum and infertile mares and better feeding and attention. Oestrus detection and artificial insemination should be performed at the right time and in an appropriate way. An appropriate teasing technique should practice in deciding whether mares are properly in heat. Controls of ovulation and gestation examination by using ultrasonography should be done.