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    The effects of antivenom administrations on the brain tissue of experimentally envenomed pregnant rats and their pups with Androctonus crassicauda scorpion venom during organogenesis period
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Demirel, Mürside Ayşe; Alcigir, Mehmet Eray; Özkan, Özcan; Türkmen, Merve Bişkin
    This study aims to show the changing effects of Androctonus crassicauda venom and A. crasicauda specific antivenom during pregnancy in brain tissue of dams and their pups. Totally, 12 pregnant-Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as venom-antivenom administration (n = 6) and control groups (n = 6). In venom-antivenom administration group (VAV), the sublethal dose of A. crassicauda venom dissolved in 1 mL physiological saline solution was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected into pregnant rats during organogenesis period (between 7 and 13 days of pregnancy). Four hours after each venom injection, 1 mL/s.c. dose of the specific antivenom was administered to rats of VAV group. The rats in control group were given sterile saline solution 1 mL/s. c. In both groups, the fetuses were surgically delivered on the 21st day of pregnancy; dams and pups were sacrificed on postnatal 21 days, and their brain tissues were removed. The brain tissue of dams and their pups were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. To show the neuronal damages, 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG) and amyloid beta precursor protein (ABPP) immunoexpressions were scored in cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata of brain. To show the neuroprotection, reelin and beta-arrestin immunoexpressions were scored again in the same way. In this context, 8-OHDG immunoexpressions were increased in neocortex, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens when compared with that of control group. Amyloid beta precursor protein was negative in both groups. Reelin and beta-arrestin partly increased in fore and mid brain of VAV group as a reaction against neuronal damages when compared with that of control pups. The authors believe that prompt intervention using anti-venom to scorpion envenomation can partly stop neuronal damages. This neuroprotection may be increased to high and serial doses of anti-venom to save neonatal lives.
  • Küçük Resim
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    The Evaluation of Androctonus crassicauda Antivenom against the Effects of Aegaeobuthus nigrocinctus Scorpion Venom on Autophagy, Apoptosis and Necroptosis
    (Iranian Scientific Society Medical Entomology, 2022) Alcigir, Mehmet Eray; Özkan, Özcan
    Background: In this study aimed to show the role of autophagy acting as a seesaw between apoptosis and necroptosis in certain vital organs under the effects of the Aegaeobuthus nigricinctus venom and different dosages of the Androcto-nus crassicauda antivenom administration in mice.Methods: In the venom group (VG), mice (n= 6) were inoculated with 2LD50 A. nigrocinctus venom. In the antivenom administered groups (AVG), the effects of the potency of the A. crassicauda antivenom were evaluated to have a neu-tralization effect against 20LD50 of the A. nigrocinctus venom. After histopathological examination, expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as an autophagy activator, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) as a necroptosis activator, and caspase-3, caspase-9 as the markers of apoptotic cell death signals were eval-uated by the immunoperoxidase method in addition to DNA in-situ fragmentations by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.Results: Only in VG, caspases and TUNEL expressions were found to be higher after the envenomation process in contrast to the elevated RIPK3 expressions. mTOR expressions remained almost stable in the organs. In AG, mTOR expressions were further increased in the 30LD50 and 40LD50 groups.Conclusion: There were an increased mTOR expression and stabilized caspases and TUNEL expression in these sub-groups, the RIPK3 expressions were found to be low when compared with all of the antivenom administration groups. Increasing doses of the antivenom drifts more the cells to autophagy while cell fate in organs under envenomation get-ting rid of apoptosis and necroptosis pathways.
  • Küçük Resim
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    The lethality, histological, haematological and biochemical alterations in mice envenomated with Aegaeobuthus nigrocinctus venom
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Bakır, Fatih; Özkan, Özcan; Alcigir, Mehmet Eray; Yağmur, Ersen Aydın
    There is currently no data regarding the toxicity or the in vivo effects of the venom the Aegaeobuthus nigrocinctus species, since it has not been studied thus far according to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, and for the first time, the median lethal dose, the in vivo toxic effects, the histological changes in some of the vital organs were all determined as well as an assessment was made of the histological, biochemical and haematological changes which were caused by the venom injected in mice. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the scorpion venom for mice was found to be 0.38 mg/kg in terms of body weight. The results of the study show that the A. nigrocintus is a potentially lethal scorpion. The evidence related to the venom indicated that it could cause tissue injury in some vital organs. In conclusion, this scorpion venom could cause significant medical complications, and may lead to death, regarding at-risk patients. Therefore, health professionals should be aware of the various scorpion species in their regions and should follow current medical approaches concerning scorpion envenomation.