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    Anosmia and Hyposmia: Overview
    (Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Öztürk, Zeynel; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Aynaci, Sevilay; Manole, Felicia; Cingi, Cemal
    Approximately 95% to 99% of chemosensation is at-tributed to the sense of smell, whereas taste is responsible for the re-maining chemosensation. One who suffers from anosmia is unable to detect smells. In addition to being acquired or congenital, it can be ei-ther transitory or permanent. Disorders in olfaction can be brought on through pathologic conditions at any level through the olfactory path-way. These disturbances can occur at multiple levels. Conductive or sensorineural deficiencies are two categories that can be used to cate-gorize them. In diseases classed as conductive, also known as transport disorders, there is an interruption in transmitting an odorant stimulus to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Loss of sense of smell can be brought on by any mechanical obstruction that prevents scents from reaching the olfactory neurons. Several inflammatory processes can cause this ob-struction, including uncomplicated infections that result in mucus plugs or nasal polyps. Some neurological causes have the potential to cause the disease. The more central brain structures are affected by the pres-ence of sensorineural abnormalities. Tests of olfactory function have been created to give a valid measurement of olfactory dexterity. These smell tests examine the threshold of odor perception and odor identifi-cation. The butanol threshold test, the “University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT),” and the “Sniffin' Sticks” test are some of the tests included in this category. In this review, olfactory disorders are presented with a detailed literature survey. © 2024 Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery.
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    Manifestations of Migraine in Otolaryngology: A Traditional Review
    (Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Öztürk, Zeynel; Aynaci, Sevilay; Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Cingi, Cemal
    Migraines are recurring headaches that frequently occur with nausea and sensitivity to light. They can be easily diagnosed because they occur with headaches of varying severity and periods when the patient experiences no symptoms. It is stated that headaches are usually throbbing and relieved after sleeping. Rhinosinusitis-related headaches, the most frequently encountered by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians, are generally more disturbing in the mornings due to stasis and being in a horizontal position at night. It is generally accepted that the leading cause of migraines is neuroinflammation of the trigemino-vascular system. The trigemino-vascular system contains peripheral trigeminal nerve endings that innervate the pia mater, dura mater, and cranial blood vessels, among other structures. Patients with suspected migraine may also present primarily with vestibular symptoms. It is expected to have an aura before attacks. However, at the first presentation, patients may also describe migraine without aura or migraine headache accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia. Given the enigmatic origins of both tinnitus and migraines, it is plausible that they have a common pathophysiology connected to the central nervous system. In particular, migraine-related tinnitus is caused by trigeminal nerve activation and is likely hypersensitivity of the cerebral cortex. Some symptoms that may be noticed include vertigo, tinnitus, impaired hearing, ataxia, and issues with vision in both eyes. With a comprehensive literature analysis, this study discusses the otolaryngologic features of migraines to update the general information, especially that of ENT specialists. © 2024 Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. Production and hosting by Türkiye Klinikleri.
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    The Contribution of Fillers Used in the Correction of Malar Depression to Visual Quality and Quality of Life
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Öztürk, Zeynel; Yağcı, Tarık; Cingi, Cemal
    Objectives: This study aims to investigate the contributions of the filler procedure performed in the malar region to the patient's appearance as visual quality and quality of life. Methods: A total of 72 patients who underwent a malar filler procedure between March 2022 and March 2023 were included in the study. Each patient received a 2 cc injection of hyaluronic acid filler, with 1 cc administered on the right and 1 cc on the left. Photos before the malar filler procedure and photos taken in the first month after the procedure for individuals included in the study were independently evaluated by 2 physicians. Change criteria were rated on a scale of 1 to 5 as follows: (1) no change, (2) slight change, (3) moderate change, (4) significant change, and (5) very significant change. The satisfaction of the patients related to the malar filler procedure was evaluated by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale of 1 to 10 (0 showing no satisfaction, 10 showing maximum satisfaction). Results: Physicians evaluated the visual appearance of the patients as a very significant change in all patients (100%). Of the 72 patients, 66 (91.6%) expressed satisfaction with the procedure, while 6 (8.4%) found the treatment insufficient and requested further interventions. Conclusion: Hyaluronic acid fillers applied to the malar region caused patient satisfaction in 91.6%. However, a few patients requested further interventions. Patients' requests for unnecessary operations should be noted and treated with caution since they may lead doctors in the wrong direction.