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    A Review of Probiotic Applications in Poultry: Improving Immunity and Having Beneficial Effects on Production and Health
    (Polskie Towarzystwo Mikrobiologow-Polish Society Of Microbiologists, 2022) Yousaf, Shumaila; Nouman, Hafiz Muhammad; Ahmed, Ibrar; Husain, Sabir; Waseem, Muhammad; Nadeem, Shahid; Tariq, Muhammad
    A new class of feed additives and nutritional supplements, known as probiotics, include bacterial, fungal, and yeast cultures from various sources. Overall, probiotics are believed to promote the health and well-being of animals, birds, and humans in a variety of settings. Incorporating probiotics into the diets of cattle and poultry has been demonstrated to improve growth, feed conversion efficiency, immunological responses, and the animal's ability to manage enteric infections. The use of probiotic-enriched chicken feed has been shown to enhance egg production by as much as 30% among laying chickens. Probiotics may be used to fight off harmful microorganisms, create antibacterial compounds (such as bacteriocins or colicins), and alter the immunological response of the host, according to the National Institutes of Health. Pathogenic microbial strains such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces are employed in the making of chicken products. The use of subtherapeutic doses of antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, to combat or remove harmful bacteria and promote animal growth and feed efficiency has resulted in the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal feed as well as the emergence of drug-resistant microbes in the feed supply chain. As a result of public health concerns, there has been a renewed emphasis on the use of probiotics in chicken production rather than antibiotics in recent years. This research examines the effects of probiotics and direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) on chicken health and performance, with a particular emphasis on the favourable effects they have on poultry health and performance.
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    Zoonotic Epidemics of Coronaviruses, Emergence of Covid-19, and Future Perspective for Zoonotic Diseases
    (ISRES Publishing, 2020) Riaz, Roshan; Ahmed, Ibrar; Ahmad, Muhammad Moiez; Nouman, Hafiz Muhammad; Sattar, Mian Muhammad Khubaib
    Infectious emerging and re-emerging zoonotic epidemics are of greater threat for public health. Coronaviruses are group of related viruses that are mainly considered to cause diseases in mammals, birds and humans. During last two decades, it spilled over three times by zoonotic pathways with genetic modification and emerged as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown origin currently known as COVID-19 was reported which is linked to the wet market of Wuhan, China, has drained the attention of the world as global pandemic with 34,495,176 cases, 1,025,729 deaths from all territories of world (WHO, Weekly Epidemiological Update 2 October 2020). Complete genomic sequencing and phylogenetic studies revealed that SARS-CoV-2, a beta coronavirus, originated from bats with remaining codons of an intermediate host, which is still under research. SARS-CoV-2 is highly pathogenic and human to human spread makes it more virulent. Government institutions and private organizations have boosted the research for drug, vaccine and immunoglobulin development which are now under clinical trial phases. AI helped a lot in this panic situation and advancement in such technologies can help in combating such baffling battles. Therefore, collaborative world response and investment to reinforce research for technological advancements and strategically development in various disciplines to control future pandemics is perquisite. © 2020 Published by ISRES.