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    Electrophysiological evaluation of cremasteric reflex in experimental testicular torsion
    (Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2007) Soyer, T.; Tosun, A.; Somuncu, S.; Aydin, G.; Akman, H.; Inal, E.; Cakmak, M.
    Aim: The aim of the study was the electrophysiological evaluation of the cremasteric reflex after experimental testicular torsion. Material and Methods: Ten male Wistar rats were enrolled into the study. Genitofemoral nerve (GFN) motor conduction and cremasteric reflex (CR) responses were evaluated electrophysiologically after being subjected to anesthesia with intramuscular ketamin hydrochloride. Testicular torsion was performed by rotating the right testicle 720 in a clockwise direction from a mid-scrotal incision. Electrophysiological evaluations were repeated in the early (30 minutes) and late (90 minutes) periods of testicular torsion. Subsequently, detorsion of the testicles was performed and electrophysiological recordings were completed after 60 minutes of detorsion. The CR was also evaluated clinically before each electrophysiological evaluation. The latency and duration of GFN motor conduction and CR responses was compared for base, early torsion, late torsion and detorsion recordings. Friedman's test for repeated measurements was used for statistical analysis. Results: The CR, which was detected clinically before torsion and after detorsion, was not detected during torsion. When base, early torsion, late torsion and detorsion recordings were compared, there was no statistical difference with respect to both latency and duration of GFN motor conduction and CR responses (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although CR was not detected clinically during testicular torsion, the electrophysiological parameters of the reflex did not differ in the early and late periods of torsion in rats. The GFN motor conduction parameters also showed no differences. In conclusion, the absence of the CR after testicular torsion could not be confirmed by electrophysiological studies.
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    An investigation of the factors that affect surgical hand disinfection with polyvidone iodine
    (W B Saunders Co Ltd, 2005) Aksoy, Altan; Cağlayan, Fatma; Çakmak, Murat; Apan, Teoman Zafer; Göçmen, Jülide Sedef; Çakmak, A.; Akman, H.
    This study investigated the factors influencing the effectiveness of 7.5% polyvidone iodine as a surgical antiseptic. The study involved 100 operating staff (75 doctors and 25 nurses) from hospital surgical teams. Fingertips of both hands of the subjects were pressed on to agar culture before and after washing and after completion of surgery. Handwashing tasting for more than 3 min led to a significant decrease in the number of colonies compared with handwashing tasting for less than 3 min. Moreover, the number of colonies was significantly higher when surgery lasted for longer than 95 min. However, the handwashing style (with or without brushing) was not found to have a significant effect on the outcome of the disinfection procedure in terms of bacterial, colonization. Subjects who had colonization of their hands after surgery were found to have significantly higher colony counts before handwashing compared with those who did not have any colonization on their hands after surgery. The results of this study revealed that in order to attain effective disinfection with potyvidone iodine, the duration of handwashing should be at [east 3 min. The risk of recolonization increases when the duration of surgery exceeds 95 min. (c) 2005 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The protective effect of trapidil on ischemia/reperfusion injury in intussusceptions
    (2009) Çakmak, Murat; Soyer, Tutku; Ayva, Şebnem; Dikmen, G.; Akman, H.
    Aim: An experimental study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of platelet-derivated-growth factor inhibitor (Trapidil) in ischemia reperfusion injury in intussusception. Methods: Sixty Wistar albino rats, weighing 200-250 g in both sexes were enrolled into study. In control group (CG, n:15), 2 cm of intestinal segment, 20 cm proximal to ileoceacal valve was removed after intraperitoneal NaCl infusion. In intussusception group, intussusception (IG, n:15) was performed at 20 cm proximal to ileoceacal valve by pushing the proximal intestinal segment distally through a stile. Two cm of intestinal segment was removed 4 hours after intussusception. Intussusception-reperfusion group (IRG, n:15) was obtained after performing intussusception similar to IG and allowed to perfusion 4 hours after intussusception. In this group, intestinal segment was removed 4 hours after reperfusion. In the last group (TG, n:15), Trapidil (40 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally, one hour before reperfusion, after achiving an ischemia/reperfusion injury similiar to IRG. Two cm of intestinal segments, 20 cm proximal to ileoceacal valve, were removed for histopathologic evaluation. The specimens were also evaluated for oxidative injury markers (catalase, glutathione peroxidase-G-px, superoxide dismutase-SOD, and malondialdehyde-MDA). Results: Although histopathologic evaluations revealed no intestinal injury in CG, other groups showed higher grades of intestinal injury (p<0.05). Though, there was no difference in histopathologic grades between IG, IRG and TG groups. MDA levels were significantly increased in experiment groups when compared to CG. But, significant alteration in MDA levels was detected in TG, when compared to IRG (p=0.00). Antioxidant enzymes; Catalase, G-px and SOD, significantly decreased in IG and IRG. Trapidil administration increased the levels of these three enzymes when compared to IRG (p=0.005, p=0.036, p=.0.02 respectively). Conclusion: Trapidil prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury in intussusception by increasing catalase, G-px, SOD levels and causes a significant reduction in MDA levels. However, similar results was not found in histopathologic findings.