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    The effect of nanocoatings of SiO2, TiO2, and ZrO2 on titanium- porcelain bonding
    (Mosby-Elsevier, 2021) Atsu, Saadet Sağlam; Aksan, Muhammed Emin; Bulut, Ali Can; Tamimi, Faleh
    Statement of problem. Durable titanium-porcelain bonding is challenging because of the formation of a thick oxide layer on the surface during porcelain firing. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate how atomic layer deposition (ALD) of different oxide coatings affected titanium-porcelain bonding and failure types. Materials and methods. Forty-four airborne-particle abraded Type-2 titanium specimens were coated by ALD with either SiO2, TiO2, or ZrO2 (n=11) at a thickness of 30 nm, whereas control specimens were left uncoated (n=11) (airborne-particle abraded only). The surface roughness of the specimens was analyzed with a profilometer before applying porcelain (Vita Titankeramic). Titanium-porcelain bonding was analyzed by using a 3-point bend test. Surface properties and titanium-porcelain interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and failure types were evaluated by using a stereomicroscope. Surface roughness and bond strength data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Failure type data were analyzed by the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test (alpha=.05). Results. All nanocoatings increased surface roughness values, but only TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings showed statistically significant higher roughness than the control surfaces (P<.001). Specimens coated with SiO2 (28.59 +/- 4.37 MPa) and TiO2 (26.86 +/- 3.66 MPa) presented significantly higher bonding strength than control (22.04 +/- 4.59 MPa) specimens (P<.01). Fracture types of different groups were not statistically different (P>.05). Conclusions. Nanocoating titanium surfaces with SiO2 and TiO2 by using the ALD technique significantly improved titanium-porcelain bonding.