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    Impact of Exercise on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Leao, Cesar; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola; Abubakar, Bishir Daku
    Background. Sedentary lifestyles and insufficient physical activity contribute significantly to the rising global epidemic of obesity, fostering an environment where excess calories are stored as adipose tissue. Lack of regular physical activity and diminished cardiorespiratory fitness are key factors in the emergence of obesity-related illnesses, leading to cardiovascular and metabolic complications. However, the extent to which low levels of physical activity and obesity directly cause low HDL-C levels is uncertain, and the specific impact of obesity on reducing HDL-C as well as the associated risks are not well clarified. The influence of different types of exercise on HDL function is intricate and depends on various factors, including exercise intensity and individual characteristics. Objectives. This study aims to investigate the effect of exercise on HDL-C levels in overweight and obese adults, as well as review the mechanisms and pathways by which various exercise types influence HDL-C metabolism in this population. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Studies were included if they were published in English. Results. A sequential moderate-tohigh-intensity exercise regimen resulted in sustained or gradual improvements in HDL-C levels. For increased HDL-C levels, frequent moderate-to-high-intensity, long-duration exercise at an aerobic threshold in conjunction with body mass reduction and dietary modification is observed from the reviewed studies. Conclusion. Regular exercise can improve HDL-C levels in overweight and obese individuals. A combination of moderate-to-high-intensity, long-duration exercise at an aerobic threshold with body mass reduction and dietary modification is most effective. Overweight and obese individuals should engage in regular exercise to improve their HDL-C levels and overall health.
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    Impact of Heat Acclimatisation in Sports: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Gulu, Mehmet; Saffah, Faisal F.; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Abubakar, Bishir Daku; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan
    Background. The summer is a time for various sporting events, many of which occur in hot and humid environments. Heat exposure can have a significant impact on athletic performance and can even be fatal. Heat acclimatization (HA) is gradually exposing the body to hot environments to improve its ability to regulate temperature and function in the heat. Objectives. This paper reviews the physiological changes associated with heat exposure and the effects of HA on athletic performance. It also provides recommendations for minimizing heat-related illness and death in sports. Methods. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on HA and heat-related illness in sports. The search terms used included heat acclimatization, heat stress, sport, and performance. Results. Heat acclimatization induces a series of beneficial physiological adaptations that contribute to enhanced athletic performance in hot conditions. These changes include increased sweating, heart rate, and blood flow to the skin. Enhances thermoregulatory mechanisms, allowing the body to better cope with heat stress and improving sweat rate and electrolyte balance, aiding in more efficient cooling. Acclimatization results in increased plasma volume, reducing the risk of dehydration. Additionally, it promotes cardiovascular adaptations, enhancing overall heat tolerance. HA can improve exercise performance in hot conditions, making it a valuable strategy for athletes and workers in warm environments. Therefore, proper HA can reduce the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Conclusion. HA is an important tool for athletes who train and compete in hot environments. It can improve performance, reduce the risk of heat-related illness, and even save lives. Sports federations and coaches should encourage athletes to participate in HA programs. HA programs should include gradual exposure to hot environments, both with and without exercise.
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    The Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Concurrent Overweight/Obesity: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Alkhamees, Nouf H.; Drenowatz, Clemens; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Gulu, Mehmet
    Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity present substantial challenges to global public health, marked by their widespread prevalence and associated morbidities. The ensuing complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, cancer, liver disease, and neurodegeneration, underscore the urgent need for effective preventive measures. Despite this, primary prevention of CVD in individuals with T2DM and obesity remains inadequate. Regular exercise emerges as a pivotal factor in ameliorating various cardiometabolic parameters, yet conflicting findings persist regarding the impact of exercise parameters (frequency, intensity, time, and type) on lipid homeostasis. Objectives. This review scrutinizes the effects of diverse exercise types and parameters on individuals with T2DM and concurrent obesity. A focus is placed on investigating the influence of exercise on conventional lipids, such as LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, total TC, and VLDL-C. The review briefly delves into the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced effects on lipids and lipoproteins. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results. Regular exercise is instrumental in elevating HDL-C levels while reducing TG, TC, VLDL, and LDL-C concurrently. Exercise mitigates CVD risk, lowers BMI, and enhances insulin resistance, depending on exercise types, volume, intensity, frequency, and duration. Conclusion. Future research must delve into the dose-response effects of real-world exercise programs to guide tailored interventions. This comprehensive understanding should inform clinicians and practitioners, empowering them to prescribe personalized exercise regimens for individuals grappling with compromised metabolic health.