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    The levels of trace elements and selected vitamins in goats with chronic fluorosis
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2013) Altug, Nuri; Arslan, Sezai; Yuksek, Nazmi; Keles, Ihsan; Yoruk, Ibrahim Hakki; Basbugan, Yildiray; Aytekin, Ismail
    This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic fluorosis on trace elements and vitamin levels in goats. Thirty-three goats exhibiting clinical signs of chronic fluorosis and 10 healthy goats from the same region were used. Animals with chronic fluorosis were divided into 2 groups according to their age as 1-3 years old and 4-6 years old. Blood samples were collected from all goats. Fluoride concentrations were determined with an ionometer. Na, K, and Cl levels were measured with ion-selective equipment and serum mineral substance levels were obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Ca, Mg, and P levels were determined by biochemistry analyzer. Serum vitamin concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography. The levels of serum copper, iron, manganese, and nickel decreased in goats with chronic fluorosis, whereas other trace elements did not change. Among vitamins, levels of serum a-tocopherol were increased, whereas retinol and vitamin D3 levels were not changed significantly differently between the fluorosis and control groups. In evaluation of goats with fluorosis according to age group, copper levels in the age group of 1-3 years and iron levels in the age group of 4-6 years were found to be lower than in the other age groups. Other minerals and all vitamin parameters were not different according to age. The results of the present study clearly showed that serum copper, iron, manganese, and nickel levels were reduced in goats with chronic fluorosis, and so goats with fluorosis should receive support in terms of these concerned trace elements.
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    Relationship between degree of anemia and blood gases in cattle with theileriosis
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2014) Temiz, Mehmet; Altug, Nuri; Yuksek, Nazmi
    This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the degrees of anemia and blood gases in cattle with theileriosis. It included 28 cattle with theileriosis and 7 healthy animals as the control group. The cattle with theileriosis were divided into 4 groups according to their hematocrit (Hct) values: cattle with Hct of >26 were considered as nonanemic (Group 1), Hct of 20-26 as mildly anemic (Group 2), Hct of 14-19 as moderately anemic (Group 3), and Hct of 10-13 as severely anemic (Group 4). The PCO2, HCO3, and TCO2 levels in the study groups were lower than those of the control group. Moreover, reductions in HCO3 and TCO2 concentrations were significant only in the severely anemic group. Similarly, the lowest PCO2 levels were also detected in the severely anemic group. There were no significant differences in the SO 2 levels between the control and study groups. On the other hand, the increase was significant in the severely anemic group when compared to Groups 1 and 2. The results seemed to indicate the trend of uncompensated metabolic acidosis in theileriosis cases with severe anemia; thus, veterinary surgeons should bear this in mind when evaluating the prognosis for such cases.
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    Socioeconomic implications of biosecurity practices in small-scale dairy farms
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Can, Mehmet Ferit; Altug, Nuri
    Background: Biosecurity plays a crucial role in preventing contagious diseases and in increasing farm productivity. Objective: To determine technical and economic biosecurity scores of farms, and to examine the associations between biosecurity practices (BP) and producers' socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 50 small-scale dairy farms that were randomly selected in Hatay, Turkey. A checklist consisting of 19 biosecurity practices was addressed to the farms. The technical and economic scoring systems were developed by the authors according to presence and cost of the each of the biosecurity practices. Results: The mean of the technical and economic scores were found to be 9.30 and 17.04, respectively. 'Treatment of sick animals' (98%), 'vaccination against the most common contagious diseases' (90%), and 'barn lime' (86%) were found to be the most commonly used applications. 'Testing for the most common contagious diseases before buying' (10%) was used at the lowest rate. Significant differences were found among the groups regarding education level (< .05), income class (< .05), and herd size (< .01). Biosecurity scores were significantly positively correlated with herd size (< .05) and producers' education level (< .01). There were statistically significant associations between the producers' socioeconomic characteristics and some of the biosecurity practices. Conclusion: Training programs should be arranged to change the attitudes and perception of small-scale producers concerning poor biosecurity practices. In order to encourage producers to increase biosecurity scores, regulations regarding financial support and penalties could be quite useful at both the regional and national levels.