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    Antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from broiler cloacal samples
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2017) Unal, Nilgun; Askar, Sinasi; Yildirim, Murat
    The present study was performed to isolate and identify Enterococcus spp. from broiler cloacal samples to species level, to determine their resistance patterns to various antibiotics, and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. Cloacal samples of broilers collected from slaughterhouses were inoculated in Slanetz and Bartley agars with and without vancomycin (6 mu g/mL). Antibiotic resistance/susceptibility testing of the isolated and identified enterococci was performed by using the disk diffusion test. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the species and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. The majority of the isolated enterococci was Enterococcus faecium (60.43%, n = 142) and Enterococcus faecalis (33.62%, n = 79). E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum were identified from 8 (3.42%) and 6 (2.56%) isolates, respectively. It was found that 88.9% of the enterococci were resistant to tetracycline and 83.4% of them were resistant to erythromycin. As a result, none of the strains isolated from cloacal samples of broilers carried the vanA and vanB genes. It was observed that 54.9% of E. faecium isolates and 78.4% of E. faecalis isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to 3 or more antibiotic groups). The lack of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among the enterococci isolates was important for public health.
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    Panton-Valentine leukocidin and some exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of staphylococci isolated from milks of small ruminants
    (Springer, 2012) Unal, Nilgun; Askar, Sinasi; Macun, Hasan Ceyhun; Sakarya, Fatma; Altun, Belgin; Yildirim, Murat
    The aims of this study were to determine the existence of pvl gene, some toxin genes, and mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from sheep milk and to examine antimicrobial resistance profiles in staphylococci from sheep and goats' milk. The milk samples were collected from 13 different small ruminant farms in Kirikkale province from February to August 2009. A total of 1,604 half-udder milk samples from 857 ewes and 66 half-udder milk samples from 33 goats were collected. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated and identified from the samples. Toxin genes and mecA gene among S. aureus strains were determined by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci was examined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection in both ewes and goats was 5.2%. The most prevalent subclinical mastitis agents were coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus with prevalences 2.8% (n:46) and 1.3% (n = 21), respectively. The prevalence of resistances in isolated Staphylococcus spp. to penicilin G, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and enrofloxacin were found as 26.9% (18), 7.5% (5), 6.0% (4), 3.0% (2), and 1.5% (1), respectively. Only 3 of the 21 S. aureus ewe isolates (13.4%) were shown to harbor enterotoxin genes being either seh, sej or sec. However, fourteen (66.6%) of the 21 S. aureus isolates had pvl gene while none of the isolates harbored mecA gene. In conclusion, Staphylococci were shown to be the most prevalent bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis of ewes and goats and these isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics. In addition, S. aureus strains isolated from ewes were harboring few staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. However, Panton-Valentine leukocidin produced by S. aureus could be an important virulence factor and contribute to subclinical mastitis pathogenicity.
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    The Potential Risk in Epizootiology of Bacterial Zoonozis: Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Feces
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2011) Askar, Sinasi; Sakarya, Fatma; Yildirim, Murat
    The purposes of this study were to determine the profile of some Gram-negative bacteria in domestic pigeon intestinal microflora and isolated Enterococcus and E. coli strains to some antibiotics resistance were investigated by disc diffusion methods. For this purpose, cloacal swab samples were collected from a total of 215 pigeons from 8 different pigeon-houses, in Kirikkale, Turkey. A total of 180 isolates were obtained from 215 samples and these isolates were identified as 46% E. coli, 10% Enterobacter spp., 7% Shigella spp., 4.5% C. diversus, 3% K. ozoenae, % 1.5 B. dispar, 1% P. alcalifaciens, 1% S. rubidae and 25% Enterococcus spp. It was determined that the isolates of E. coli were not resistant to enrofloxacine and gentamicine, while, they were found resistant to ampicilin-sulbactam, nalidixic acide and oxytetracyclin at the rates of 70%, 49% and 64% respectively. Moreover, 42.3% of the E. coli strains were identified as positive for beta-lactamase activities.