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Öğe The Area of Cross Sections and the Number of Myelinated Axons of Cranial Nerves III, IV and VI of Adult Horse(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2013) Bolat, Durmus; Bahar, Sadullah; Kurum, Aytul; Gultiken, Murat ErdemIt was aimed to determine the number of myelinated axons and the area of cross sections of oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves providing motor innervation of extrinsic muscles of the eye. The study included 3 male and 3 female adult horses. Tissue samples were taken from the part of nerve being in subarachnoid space. Paraffin blocks of tissues were prepared and cut with a rotary microtome transversely at a thickness of 4 mu m and sections were stained with Masson's trichrome. The area of cross sections was determined with Cavalieri's method and the number of myelinated axons was calculated by fractionator technique. There were no statistically significance of cross sectional areas and the number of myelinated axons of the right and the left sides, thus the data belonging to both sides were accepted as a single data (median). The areas of cross sections of oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves were calculated to be 2.647 mm(2), 0.511 mm(2) and 1.092 mm(2) and the number of myelinated axons 13.523, 2.034 and 4.151 respectively. The results of the study performed to determine the area of cross sections and the number of myelinated axons of III., IV. and VI. cranial nerves of the horse will contribute to the knowledge of this area and shed light on the studies to be conducted in the future.Öğe Histomorphometric examination of the pineal gland in foals and adult horses(Ankara Univ Press, 2018) Bolat, Durmus; Kurum, Aytul; Bahar, Sadullah; Karahan, SiyamiThis study was conducted to evaluate the pineal glands of the foal and adult horses with histomorphometry. The pineal glands were sectioned at a thickness of 40 mu m and stained with AgNOR for stereological analyses. The weight and volume of the pineal gland as well as the number of pinealocytes were significantly higher in the adult horses (P=0.009). However, the number of pinealocytes in per volume was similar between foals and adult horses. Such data indicate that growth in the size of the gland is related to increase in the number of pinealocytes. The pinealocyte nucleus is significantly larger in adults (P=0.009). Such a size difference should be further investigated if it is due to an increase in the number of cells with increased DNA content. Melanin was distributed throughout the foal pineal gland whereas it was focally localized to connective tissue in adults. The different patterns in melanin distribution suggest that foals and adult horses may differ by means of melanin metabolism in the pineal gland.Öğe Morphology and quantification of sheep pineal glands at pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal periods(Wiley, 2018) Bolat, Durmus; Kueruem, Aytuel; Canpolat, SilaThe pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ associated with photoperiodic regulation in mammals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pineal gland at the pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal periods by means of morphology and stereology. The study examined at total of 24 ovine pineal glands collected from healthy female Akkaraman breed. Thick sections (40m) were cut and treated with synaptophysin. Following each thick section, six consecutive sections at a thickness of 5m were cut. Each thin section was stained with one of the following dyes: Crossman's modified triple dye, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), melatonin marker, periodic acid-Schiff, Von Kossa and AgNOR. The pineal gland volume was measured using Cavalieri's method. The optical fractionator was used to estimate the total number of pinealocytes. The percentage of parenchyma and connective tissue and degree of vascularization were estimated by the area fraction fractionator method. The pineal gland volumes in the pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal groups were 7.53 +/- 1.715mm(3), 11.20 +/- 1.336mm(3) and 17.75 +/- 1.188mm(3), respectively (p<.5). The number of pinealocytes in the pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal groups was 3,244,000 +/- 228,076, 4,438,000 +/- 243,610, 7,381,766 +/- 406,223, respectively (p<.05). The glands of the post-pubertal group contained the highest amount of connective tissue (11.49 +/- 2.103%; p<.5) and the largest GFAP staining area (p<.05). The melatonin staining density was the highest in the pubertal group. The density of lipofuscin staining was higher in the pubertal and post-pubertal groups.Öğe The Morphology of the Os Penis in the Adult Mouse(Medwell Online, 2010) Yildiz, Dincer; Bolat, Durmus; Karahan, SiyamiThis study focused on morphology of the os penis in adult mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). The os penis was located within the corpus cavernosum penis and extended up to the half way of the glans penis. With a close resemblance to that of the rat os penis, the shape of the mouse os penis appeared a probe-like structure. Histologically, the body of os penis was consisted of compact bone and a narrow bone marrow. Hyaline cartilage constituted the proximal end, to which the corpus cavernosum penis attached and blended with the perichondrium. A completely ossified proximal end was rarely observed. The organization of hyaline cartilage at the proximal end resembled the growth plate of the long bone. However, chondrocytes did were not well organized into columns as in the growth plate. Like in the physis of the long bone, invasion of hyperthropic chondrocyte by blood vessels originating from the underlying bone was present; however, chondrocytes embedded directly in osteoid matrix were also quite common. While the proximal end of the os penis was covered with hyaline cartilage, the distal bony end was continuous with a type of tissue varied from loose to dense connective tissue and to fibrocartilage-like tissue. At the distal bony end, newly synthesized osteoid matrix was distinguishable. Thus, the os penis in the adult mouse is a dynamic structure exhibiting continuous growth both at the proximal and distal ends.Öğe The Segmental Morphometric Properties of the Horse Cervical Spinal Cord: A Study of Cadaver(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013) Bahar, Sadullah; Bolat, Durmus; Selcuk, Muhammet LutfiAlthough the cervical spinal cord (CSC) of the horse has particular importance in diseases of CNS, there is very little information about its segmental morphometry. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric features of the CSC segments in the horse and possible relationships among the morphometric features. The segmented CSC from five mature animals was used. Length, weight, diameter, and volume measurements of the segments were performed macroscopically. Lengths and diameters of segments were measured histologically, and area and volume measurements were performed using stereological methods. The length, weight, and volume of the CSC were 61.6 +/- 3.2 cm, 107.2 +/- 10.4 g, and 95.5 +/- 8.3 cm(3), respectively. The length of the segments was increased from C-1 to C-3, while it decreased from C-3 to C-8. The gross section (GS), white matter (WM), grey matter (GM), dorsal horn (DH), and ventral horn (VH) had the largest cross-section areas at C-8. The highest volume was found for the total segment and WM at C-4, GM, DH, and VH at C-7, and the central canal (CC) at C-3. The data obtained not only contribute to the knowledge of the normal anatomy of the CSC but may also provide reference data for veterinary pathologists and clinicians.Öğe Selective Gray and White Matter Staining of the Horse Spinal Cord(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012) Bolat, Durmus; Bahar, Sadullah; Sur, Emrah; Selcuk, Muhammet L.; Tipirdamaz, SadettinThe ratio of gray and white matter is an important clinical parameter in the diagnosis of diffuse and compressive diseases of the spinal cord. Although histological methods are used to determine this parameter, there are some difficulties encountered in histological studies related to tissue size. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible modifications to overcome these difficulties. In the study, nine tissue samples taken from the C6 segment of a female Shetland pony and selected by systematic random sampling were used. The dehydration process of the spinal cord of the horse was supported by applying a vacuum. Paraffin blocks were prepared and cut into 10 pm sections to be stained separately with the different staining methods. Six different staining methods, including Modified May - Grunwald - Giemsa (MMGG), were compared and used to image entire slides. The stains, Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG), Masson's trichrome (MT), AgNORs, Kluver Barrera (KB) and MMGG, were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically by participants who were unaware of which staining methods had been used. The staining methods were scored from worst (1) to best (5) using a Likert scale. Vacuum application was found to reduce the difficulties related to inadequate tissue dehydration. MMGG was selected as the best staining method in differentiating gray and white matter in the spinal cord of the horse.Öğe Ultrastructure of the tongue and histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands in buzzards(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2018) Bozkurt, Emine Umran; Gultiken, Murat Erdem; Yildiz, Dincer; Bolat, DurmusThe macroscopic characteristics of the tongues of 8 long-legged buzzards are described and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the epithelial tissue of the tongue's surface. Crossman's modified triple staining method and hematoxylin and eosin dye were used to determine the locations and general histological features of the lingual salivary glands. The nature of the glandular secretions was examined by staining with PAS, AB pH 1.0, AB pH 2.5, and PAS-AB pH 1.0 and pH 2.5, and diastase enzyme digestion. PAS staining and weak, moderate, and strong methylation procedures as well as sialidase and hyaluronidase applications were performed. We report the finding of focal accumulations of the anterior lingual salivary glands at the tongue's base with numerous duct openings in this area. This finding, in conjunction with the absence of taste papillae in the tongue epithelium, suggests that the role of the tongue in buzzards is to mix food with saliva and to move the food bolus rapidly to the back of the oral cavity. The acidic secretions of the lingual salivary glands not only have antimicrobial effects but also facilitate the swallowing process and may influence the digestive process in the distal parts of the alimentary tract.Öğe The Use of the Optical Fractionator to Estimate the Total Number of Ependymal Cells of the Spinal Cord in Leghorn(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012) Bolat, Durmus; Tipirdamaz, SadettinThe aim of this study was to estimate the number of ependymal cells in the spinal cord of Leghorn chicks using optical fractionator technique. Forty weeks old six female and six male Leghorn were used. Animals were anesthetized by administration of xylazineketamine combination and euthanasia was carried out. Saline solution was administered to the animals for draining blood completely from the body. Ten percent formalin saline solution was used as a fixative. Decalcification was performed on dissected vertebral columns using Trichloroacetic acid. Spinal cords were removed from vertebral columns and measured. All cords were cut 1 cm in length, 10 and 11 systematic random sampled tissue samples with a sampling ratio of 1/3 were taken from females and males respectively. One transversal section was taken from each of tissue samples at the thickness of 10 mu m. Optical fractionator was performed on sections to estimate the total number of ependymal cells in the cord. It was found that male Leghorns had more ependymal cells than female Leghorns. The maximum number of ependymal cells was found in the caudal part whereas the minimum number of cells was observed in cervical part of the spinal cord in female. Male animals showed a homogeneous distribution of the ependymal cells. It was thought that sex difference must be considered in studies on spinal cord of Leghorn.
