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Öğe Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Infant, Pregnant and Non-pregnant Adult Rabbits: Comparison for Different Stimulus Levels(Aves, 2011) Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Gurer G.; Budak, Bilgehan; Apan, Alpaslan; Ozturk, Goknur Guler; Seyhan, NesrinObjectives: In the present study, we investigated Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in pregnant (Group 1); non-pregnat adult female rabbits (Group 2) and infant rabbits (Group 3). We assessed Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission amplitudes in both stimulus levels of F2/F1=1.22 and 1.14; and analyzed the amplitude differences in different groups. Methods: Thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits were included into the study. They were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 9 each 13-month-old, adult, pregnant female rabbits. Group 2 consisted of 9 each 13-month-old, adult, nonpregnant female rabbits. Group 3 consisted of 18 each one-month-old, infant rabbits (Nine of them, male; and nine of them, female). In all groups, cochlear functions were assessed by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Stimulus parameters were used as F2/F1=1.22 in the first recording; and 1.14, in the second recording for each of the ears. Results: In all groups (1 to 3), Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission amplitudes were found as higher with F2/F1:1.22 measurements than F2/F1:1.14 measurements. In F2/F1:1.22; and F2/F1:1.14 measurements seperately; at each Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission frequencies (1.0-8.0 kHz), the difference between Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission amplitudes of Group1-3 were analyzed by "Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis": The statistically significant difference were present at frequencies of 1.5-2.0 kHz and 8.0 kHz for F2/F1:1.22 measurements; and 1.0-2.0 kHz and 4.0-8.0 kHz for F2/F1:1.14 measurements. In F2/F1:1.22 measurements, at 1.5 kHz, the mean value of Group 1 (Pregnant rabbits) was significantly higher than that of Group 3 (Infant rabbits). In F2/F1:1,14 measurements, at 1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 khz, the mean values of Group 1 (Pregnant rabbits) was significantly higher than those of Group 3 (Infant rabbits); and at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz, the mean values of Group 2 (Non-pregnant rabbits) were significantly higher than those of Group 3 (Infant rabbits) Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that, in pregnant rabbits, higher corticosteroid levels may cause higher DPOAE amplitudes than infant rabbits by F2/F1:1.14 measurements. In all rabbits and especially in infant rabbits, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions could be taken by F2/F1:1.22 measurements with higher amplitudes. The importance of our study is, when Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission measurement is planned, measurements should be done using F2/F1: 1.22 to get healthy and accurate results in experimental studies. In measurements made by F2/F1: 1.14, amplitudes can be observed as lower than F2/F1: 1.22 measurements. This decline is evident especially in infant rabbit groups. Water containing medium in the middle ear of infant rabbits may cause the reduce in Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission amplitudes than adult rabbits at both F2/F1:1.22 and 1.14 measurements.Öğe Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in rabbits(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2009) Budak, Bilgehan; Budak, Gürer G.; Öztürk, Göknur Güler; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, NesrinObjective: Humans are continuously exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF), electromagnetic fields (EMF), transmitted from the common Sources like power stations, electric transmission lines, communication and radio-television signal transmission units. The present study aimed to assess the effects of 50 Hz ELF-EMF of 5.068 and 10.182 kV/m electric fields, which refer to the lower and upper intensity limits beyond which hazardous effects can be observed, on the auditory functions of rabbits via Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) recordings. Methods: The study was performed on 20 healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits randomly divided into two groups and applied 50 Hz ELF-EMF with either 5.068 kV/m (Group 1) or 10.182 kV/m (Group 2) of electric field for 3 h/day during 14 days. DPOAE responses recorded on the 0th day before exposure (B-EMF) and on the 6th (A-EMF-6th) and 14th (A-EMF-14th) days after exposure (AE). Mean stimulus intensity and emission amplitudes at 1.0-8.0 kHz were analyzed. Results: In Group 2 rabbits, on 6th and 14th days, the DPOAE amplitudes were observed as increased at 1.5-4.0 kHz (at 2.0 and 4.0 kHz significantly) than B-EMF values. At 6.0 kHz, A-EMF-14th amplitudes were significantly lower than A-EMF values. Conclusion: These results suggest that ELF EMFs might affect hearing functions by frequency dependent manner. Higher ELF EMFs exposure caused increase of cochlear activity. Ototoxic effect of 10.182 kV/m ELF EMFs may begin at the basal turn of the cochlea by reducing DPOAEs at high frequencies. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in rabbits(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2009) Budak, Gürer G.; Budak, Bilgehan; Öztürk, Göknur Güler; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Apan, Alpastan; Seyhan, NesrinObjective: Humans are continuously exposed to an extremely low frequency (ELF) of electromagnetic fields (EMF), transmitted from the common sources like power stations, electric transmission lines, communication and radio-television signal transmission units. The present study aimed to assess the effects of 5.068 kV/m and 10.182 kV/m electric fields, which refer to the lower and upper intensity limits beyond which hazardous effects can be observed, on the auditory functions of rabbits via transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) recordings. Methods: The study was performed on 20 healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits randomly divided into two groups and applied either 5.068 kV/m (Group 1) or 10.182 kV/m (Group 2) of electric field for 3 h/day for 14 days. TEOAE responses were recorded on day 0 before the exposure (0-BE) and on the 6th (6th-AE) and 14th (14th-AE) days after the exposure (AE). Emission amplitudes at 1.0-4.0 kHz were analyzed. Results: In Groups 1 and 2, the amplitudes separately recorded on the 6th-AE day were not different from the amplitudes recorded on day 0-BE. On the 6th-AE day, the only significant difference was detected in the right ear recordings of Group 1 at the frequency of 1.5 kHz (p = 0.007). In Group 1, at 1.5 kHz, the median 6th day AE value (3.8 dB SPL) for the right ear was significantly tower than the median BE value. No significant difference in terms of amplitudes was detected in the comparison of 14th day AE with day 0-BE recordings. In the comparison of the groups for the recordings obtained at all the time points, no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusion: It was concluded that the TEOAE decrease at 1.5 kHz of the right ears of Group I on the 6th day AE was transient; and on the 14th day AE, no significant decrease was determined in the TEOAEs of both groups. Our results showed that the ELF EMFs have no significant effects on the hearing sensation of rabbits, the cochlear functions of whose were evaluated using TEOAE recordings. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in pregnant adult rabbits(Canadian Soc Clinical Investigation, 2009) Budak, Gürer G.; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Öztürk, Göknur Güler; Budak, Bilgehan; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, Nesrin; Şanlı, CihatObjectives: To determine the effects of 1800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RFR) on the cochlear functions of pregnant adult rabbits by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs). Methods: Eighteen 13-month-old pregnant and eighteen 13-month-old non-pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were studied. They were randomly divided into four groups. Nine pregnant rabbits (Group 2) and nine nonpregnant rabbits (Group 4) were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RFR 15 min daily for 7 days. Nine pregnant (Group 1) and nine non-pregnant rabbits (Group 3) were not exposed to GSM like RFR. Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Results: In all pregnant groups except 2.0 kHz, DPOAE amplitudes were not different in Group 2 and Group1. In Group 4, DPOAE amplitudes at 1.0-4.0 kHz (-1.68 dB SPL at 1.0 kHz, 3.05 dB SPL at 1.5 kHz, 2.96 dB SPL at 2.0 kHz, 1.30 dB SPL at 3.0 kHz and 12.22 dB SPL at 4.0 kHz) were lower than Group 3 (8.67 dB SPL at 1.0 kHz, 17.67 dB SPL at 1.5 kHz, 26.10 dB SPL at 2.0 kHz, 18.10 dB SPL at 3.0 kHz and 35.13 dB SPL at 4.0 kHz) (P<0.0125). In the pregnant group, harmful effects of GSM-like RFR were less than in the non-pregnant group. Conclusion: GSM-like RFR caused decreases in DPOAE amplitudes mainly in non-pregnant adult rabbits. Prolonged exposure may affect the DPOAE amplitude. Recommendations are given to prevent the potential hazardous effects of RF in humans.Öğe Effects of GSM-like Radiofrequency on distortion product otoacoustic emissions of rabbits: Comparison of infants versus adults(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2009) Budak, Gürer G.; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Öztürk, Göknur Güler; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, Nesrinobjectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the potential hazardous effects of 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications-like (GSM-like) Radiofrequency (RF) exposure on the cochlear functions of female infant and adult rabbits by measuring Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) response amplitudes. Methods: Eighteen each one-month-old New Zealand White female rabbits and eighteen each 13-month-old adult rabbits were included into the study. They were randomly divided into four groups. Nine infant rabbits (Group 1) were not exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF (Infant Control, C-In). Nine infant rabbits (Group 2) were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 days after they reached one-month of age (Infant RF, RF-In). Nine adult rabbits were not exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 (Adult Control, C-Ad). Nine adult rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 days (Adult RF, RF-Ad). Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Results: At 1.0-2.0 and 6.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 2 were significantly higher than that of Group 1. At 3.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 1. At 6.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 2 were significantly higher than that of Group 3. At 1.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 2. At 1.08.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 3. Conclusion: Harmful effects of GSM-like 1800 MHz RF exposure was detected more in the adult female rabbits than infant female rabbits by DPOAE measurement. Prolonged exposure and hyperthermia related to the power density of applied RFR, increasing the temperature in the ear canal, may decrease the DPOAE amplitudes. Water containing medium in the middle ear of infant rabbits may play the protective role **from the RF damage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of intrauterine and extrauterine GSM-like radiofrequency on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in infant female rabbits(2009) Budak, Gurer G.; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Ozturk, Goknur Guler; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, NesrinObjective: We investigated the effects of 1,800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF) on the cochlear functions of female infant rabbits by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) recordings upon intrauterine (IU) and/or extrauterine (EU) exposure. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six infant female New Zealand White rabbits, each one-month-old, were randomly divided into four groups, Groups 1-4, each having 9 rabbits. Group 1 animals were remained untreated (Control), whereas other groups were treated by virtue of extrauterine (Group 2, EU), intrauterine (Group 3, IU), or both type of exposure (Group 4, IU and EU) to 1800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF). EU exposure started after they reached to one-month of age, and IU was at intrauterine period which was in between 15th to 22nd days of gestation. The duration for exposures was 7 days with 15 minutes per day protocol. Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Results: DPOAE amplitudes for EU-RF group at 1.0 and 1.5 kHz was found higher with respect to control. At 2.0 kHz, the recordings for EU-RF group were higher than control and IU-RF groups. At 6.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than control, IU-RF, and (IU+EU)-RF groups. At 8.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than IU-RF and (IU+EU)-RF groups. Conclusions: We conclude that if the anatomical growth of exposed animate is completed and the extrauterine GSM-like RF exposure is not prolonged, there will not be much harmful effects on inner ear of female rabbits, measured by DPOAEs. The observed increase in DPOAE amplitudes at 1.0-2.0 kHz shows the increase in cochlear activity and outer hair cell electromotility. Prolonged exposure and hyperthermia related to the power density of applied RFR, increasing the temperature in the ear canal, may affect the DPOAE amplitudes especially during intrauterine period. When pregnant women use earphone or even carry their mobile phones in their bags or pockets, foetus may expose to GSM-like RF from the very short distance with the exposure level higher than the standard limits, which may cause ear toxicity with decreased DPOAEs. Copyright 2005 © The Mediterranean Society of Otology and Audiology.Öğe Effects of Intrauterine and Extrauterine GSM-like Radiofrequency on Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Infant Female Rabbits(Aves, 2009) Budak, Gürer G.; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Öztürk, Göknur Güler; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, NesrinObjective: We investigated the effects of 1,800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF) on the cochlear functions of female infant rabbits by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) recordings upon intrauterine (IU) and/or extrauterine (EU) exposure. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six infant female New Zealand White rabbits, each one-month-old, were randomly divided into four groups, Groups 1-4, each having 9 rabbits. Group 1 animals were remained untreated (Control), whereas other groups were treated by virtue of extrauterine (Group 2, EU), intrauterine (Group 3, IU), or both type of exposure (Group 4, IU and EU) to 1800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF). EU exposure started after they reached to one-month of age, and IU was at intrauterine period which was in between 15th to 22nd days of gestation. The duration for exposures was 7 days with 15 minutes per day protocol. Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Results: DPOAE amplitudes for EU-RF group at 1.0 and 1.5 kHz was found higher with respect to control. At 2.0 kHz, the recordings for EU-RF group were higher than control and IU-RF groups. At 6.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than control, IU-RF, and (IU+EU)-RF groups. At 8.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than IU-RF and (IU+EU)-RF groups. Conclusions: We conclude that if the anatomical growth of exposed animate is completed and the extrauterine GSM-like RF exposure is not prolonged, there will not be much harmful effects on inner ear of female rabbits, measured by DPOAEs. The observed increase in DPOAE amplitudes at 1.0-2.0 kHz shows the increase in cochlear activity and outer hair cell electromotility. Prolonged exposure and hyperthermia related to the power density of applied RFR, increasing the temperature in the ear canal, may affect the DPOAE amplitudes especially during intrauterine period. When pregnant women use earphone or even carry their mobile phones in their bags or pockets, foetus may expose to GSM-like RF from the very short distance with the exposure level higher than the standard limits, which may cause ear toxicity with decreased DPOAEs.Öğe Effects of Intrauterine and Extrauterine GSM-like Radiofrequency on Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Infant Female Rabbits(Aves, 2009) Budak, Gurer G.; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Ozturk, Goknur Guler; Apan, Alpaslan; Seyhan, NesrinObjective: We investigated the effects of 1,800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF) on the cochlear functions of female infant rabbits by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) recordings upon intrauterine (IU) and/or extrauterine (EU) exposure. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six infant female New Zealand White rabbits, each one-month-old, were randomly divided into four groups, Groups 1-4, each having 9 rabbits. Group 1 animals were remained untreated (Control), whereas other groups were treated by virtue of extrauterine (Group 2, EU), intrauterine (Group 3, IU), or both type of exposure (Group 4, IU and EU) to 1800 MHz GSM-like Radiofrequency (RF). EU exposure started after they reached to one-month of age, and IU was at intrauterine period which was in between 15th to 22nd days of gestation. The duration for exposures was 7 days with 15 minutes per day protocol. Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz. Results: DPOAE amplitudes for EU-RF group at 1.0 and 1.5 kHz was found higher with respect to control. At 2.0 kHz, the recordings for EU-RF group were higher than control and IU-RF groups. At 6.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than control, IU-RF, and (IU+EU)-RF groups. At 8.0 kHz, EU-RF group were higher than IU-RF and (IU+EU)-RF groups. Conclusions: We conclude that if the anatomical growth of exposed animate is completed and the extrauterine GSM-like RF exposure is not prolonged, there will not be much harmful effects on inner ear of female rabbits, measured by DPOAEs. The observed increase in DPOAE amplitudes at 1.0-2.0 kHz shows the increase in cochlear activity and outer hair cell electromotility. Prolonged exposure and hyperthermia related to the power density of applied RFR, increasing the temperature in the ear canal, may affect the DPOAE amplitudes especially during intrauterine period. When pregnant women use earphone or even carry their mobile phones in their bags or pockets, foetus may expose to GSM-like RF from the very short distance with the exposure level higher than the standard limits, which may cause ear toxicity with decreased DPOAEs.Öğe Effects of ropivacaine on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions: a rabbit model(Springer, 2006) Arıkan, Osman Kürşat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Apan, Alparslan; Budak, Gürer; Koç, CanThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ropivacaine, a newer amide local anesthetic, on the ears of rabbits by using transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). Thirty rabbits were studied in a random block design of six groups of five animals each. There received intra-tympanically instilled single doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg of ropivacaine, 0.5 ml of isotonic saline (control for intratympanic application), or intravenously administered single doses of 1.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg of ropivacaine and 1.0 ml of isotonic saline (control for intravenous application). Cochlear function was serially monitored using TEOAEs before administration and on the 1st and 15th days after administrations of ropivacaine or isotonic saline. The responses of TEOAEs were analyzed in terms of mean stimulus, stability, wave reproducibility and emission amplitudes at 1.0-4.0 kHz. We found no significant changes in the TEOAE responses of the baseline measurements in each group before administration and the responses at each interval in the same group after administration throughout the experiment (P > 0.05). Also, no significant difference was found between the group receiving ropivacaine administered intravenously or intratympanicly and the control group at each interval (P > 0.05). The data from the present study showed that ropivacaine, whether administered intravenously or intratympanically and even at a low or high dose, has no effects on the responses of TEOAEs in the early period. These findings encourage the use of ropivacaine as a safe agent without ototoxic effects in peripheral nerve blocks, epidural and intravenous regional anesthesia or even tinnitus therapy in the future.Öğe Evaluation for language and speech development in Kabuki make-up syndrome: A case report(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2009) Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Yalcinkaya, Fulya; Budak, Bilgehan; Guenduez, Selen; Ayas, KivancKabuki make-up syndrome (KMS) is defined as a rare syndrome with mental retardation, growth deficiency and multiple anomalies of unknown cause. Cases have a characteristic facial appearance of broad and low auricles, wide forehead, broad and flattened nose root. In this article, 4-year, 10-month-old boy with speech delay reported due to characteristics of the facial appearance is considered as KMS, a rare syndrome. Otological, audiological and developmental evaluation of the patient consisted of six parameters. (1) ENT examination: normal. (2) Audiological findings were at normal hearing levels. (3) General development (according to the Denver II test), was normal. (4) Language and speech development: receptive language development was 2 years more than the chronological age. However in expressive language development, there was 5-month delay which was likely to complete by training in a short time. (5) The development of speech sounds and articulation: the delay is observed in CVC words. Speech sounds of /l/, /t/, /r/ and /g/ were evaluated as "distorted expression". He used /v/ instead of /l/; /y/ instead of /r/; /d/ instead of /g/. (6) Observations: diffident, deficit in self-confidence, and difficulty in communicating have been observed. Unlike the cases in literature, mental retardation, growth deficiency and learning difficulties were not found in our case with KMS. Normal findings were obtained in five parameters. Only the /l/, /r/ and /g/ speech sounds were expressed as distorted. For our case, we planned to follow him in the future to see whether developmental and central auditory processing disorders will occur or not. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Sevoflurane vs. TIVA in Terms of Middle Ear Pressure During Laparoscopic Surgery(Wroclaw Medical Univ, 2014) Guler, Serkan; Apan, Alparslan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, Bilgehan; Oz, Goksen; Kose, Emine A.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 insufflation on the pressure of the middle ear cavity (PMEC) during laparoscopic surgery under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol or sevoflurane as an inhalational anesthetic maintenance. Material and Methods. Sixty patients who underwent laparoscopic/or non-laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were included in the study. For anesthetic maintenance with inhalation agents, 20 non-laparoscopic surgery patients in Group 1 were applied sevoflurane (2-2.5%). Forty patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery were randomized into two groups. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2-2.5%) in twenty patients in Group 2 and the TIVA technique in 20 patients in Group 3. In Group 1, PMEC was measured before anesthesia, 10 and 30 min after endotracheal intubation, 10 min before extubation, and 15, 30, 60 min and 6 hours in the postoperative period. In Group 2 and 3, PMEC was measured before the anesthesia, 10 min after intubation, 10 and 30 min after CO2 insufflation, just before the CO2 elimination, 10 min before the extubation, and 15, 30, 60 min and 6 hours after extubation in the postoperative period. Results. PMEC was significantly increased in Group 1 at 10 min after intubation, at 30 min of the operation, before extubation, and at postoperative 15 and 30 min (p < 0.05). In Group 3, differences between PMECs were detected at the 30th min of insufflation (p = 0.005), and during elimination (p = 0.035) compared to the initial measurement. Generally, the values remained positive in Group 1 and negative in Group 3. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 at 10 min after the induction (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in PMECs between Group 2 and 3 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Conclusions. Our results indicate that, in laparoscopic surgery, TIVA used for the maintenance of anesthesia did not increase the PMEC and the changes caused by sevoflurane were also in the normal range of middle ear pressures. In patients with previous ear surgery, if there is a need of classical surgical procedures in the future, sevoflurane anesthesia should not be the first choice due to its effects on PMEC, which cause it to be increased over 50 daPa, especially at 30 mm after intubation. Patient characteristics including previous ear surgery should be considered in selecting the optimum anesthetic agents and techniqueÖğe Speech Sounds Acquisition Evaluated by Speech Sound Development Test (SSDT) in Turkish-Speaking Children(Aves, 2010) Yalcinkaya, Fulya; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Budak, BilgehanThe aim of this study is to provide normative data regarding the age of consonant-acquisition in normally developing children. A total of 753 children between 1 and 7 years of age were selected from seven different regions throughout Turkey. For 1-year old children, the spontaneous sound expressed (spontaneous speech) was recorded. The Speech Sound Development Test (SSDT) was applied to children within the age-range of 2-7 years old. Classifications of 'acquiring tested sound' and 'completing development' were based on 'pass criteria 75%' and 'criteria 90%', respectively. It was determined that children between 1 and 2 years of age acquired the sounds of /b, d infinity,tf,d,g,gamma,k,l,m,n,p,s, integral,t,j,z/, children at 3 years of age acquired the sounds of /h,f,v/, and children at 4 years of age acquired the sounds of /r,infinity/. However, it was revealed that the development of all sounds was being completed when the children were 5 or 6 years old.
