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Öğe An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Selvi, Selami; Polat, Ridvan; Cakilcioglu, Ugur; Celep, Ferhat; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Ertug, Zafer FusonMedicinal plants have been used by humans for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years from past to present. Members of the Lamiaceae family are among the most preferred medicinal plants due to the wide variety of secondary components they contain, particularly essential oils. In this review, Master's and PhD theses and books based on ethnobotanical studies investigated between 1960 and 2021 as well as internationally recognized databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SciFinder, Springer and Elsevier) were used to determine the medicinal uses of Lamiaceae taxa among the people in Turkey. As a result of the study, it was found that a total of 221 taxa (192 species) belonging to 29 genera, 51 of which are endemic, have medicinal/therapeutic uses. The local names of these taxa, the usage which are used among the people, the diseases in which they are used, and the geographical regions given in the present study. The genera of taxa most commonly used for medicinal purposes by the local people are Salvia (37 taxa), Sideritis (25 taxa), Stachys (22 taxa), Thymus (16 taxa) and Origanum (13 taxa). It was observed that the most frequently used two methods while preparing these plants for use was infusion (61%), and decoction (24%). Studies conducted on National (TURK, BHP), Regional (EU) and International Pharmacopoeias (WHO) and various monographs (AHP, COMISSION E, EMA, ESCOP, PDR) have revealed that there are 29 taxa included in these pharmacopoeias and monographs whose purpose of use are similar to the diseases that local people are trying to treat. Diseases that people use plants for therapeutic purposes are grouped into 12 categories. It was determined that these plants were widely used for therapeutic purposes in gastric disorders as well as otolaryngology and respiratory system diseases. This review briefly discusses whether some taxa commonly used by the local people in the treatment of diseases can be useful in the treatment of the disease in question, in the light of scientific studies.Öğe CERASTIUM MAHMUTKILINCII (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM TÜRKIYE(Magnolia Press, 2024) Keskin, Mustafa; Karaer, Fergan; Celep, FerhatCerastium (Caryophyllaceae) is a taxonomically difficult genus of over than 100 species. The flora of T & uuml;rkiye include 30 species of Cerastium, of which 9 are endemics. A further species (Cerastium mahmutkilincii sp. nov.), belonging to sect. Cerastium subsect. Grandiflora, was proposed here based on a morphological investigation of herbarium specimens. The new species is only known from the Erbaa-Tokat region (North Anatolia) and it is similar to C. szowitsii and C. araraticum, but differs from both by the hairy filaments and sparsely glandular (eglandular hairy in both C. szowitsii and C. araraticum) and multicellular hairy stem indumentum (usually simple hairy in C. szowitsii and C. araraticum). It also differs from C. araraticum by a hairy claw at the base (glabrous in C. araraticum). Data about the ecology and phenology, as well as a identification key of the Turkish members of subsect. Grandiflora are also given; lacking sufficient data, the IUCN conservation status was assessed as DD (Data Deficient). As a result, with the new species in this article, the number of Cerastium species in T & uuml;rkiye has increased to 31 and the number of endemic taxa to 10.Öğe CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF LOCAL ENDEMIC LAMIUM BILGILII CELEP (LAMIACEAE)(Publ House Bulgarian Acad Sci, 2022) Semiz, Gurkan; Celep, FerhatIn this study, the chemical constitution of the essential oil of Lamium bilgilii Celep, a local endemic species of Turkey, was studied by GC-MS for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method and forty-three compounds were successfully identified representing 98.2% of the oil. Bicyclogermacrene (14.22%) and linalyl acetate (8.33%) and linalool (7.86%) were the most abundant components of the essential oil. L. bilgilii essential oil was rich in sesquiterpenes (35.8%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.6%). The results showed that bicyclogermacrene was found, for the first time, as a most abundant component in the Lamium oils.Öğe Comparative chromosomal features and new karyological data in Salvia: B-chromosomes, polyploidy, dysploidy and symmetric karyotypes(Soc Botanica Sao Paulo, 2022) Martin, Esra; Celep, Ferhat; Eroglu, Halil ErhanThe genus Salvia is characterized by such small chromosomes, which has so far restricted the cytogenetic studies. Therefore, karyomorphological aspects of the chromosome complement were rarely analyzed in the genus. The aim of this study was to report the interspecific relationships and new chromosomal data in Salvia. The chromosomal records of 25 taxa were herein provided, 8 of which were reported for the first time, 3 presented new chromosome numbers, and 14 agreed previous reports. In addition, a detailed chromosomal data of 16 taxa were provided. Eleven different chromosome numbers (2n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, 26, 28, 36, 38, 42, and 52) were found by the basic number of 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 13. S. candelabrum was the only taxon with B-chromosomes. Salvia algeriensis had different chromosome numbers with probably dysploidy mechanisms. The polyploidy was demonstrated by the prevalence of cells with 2n = 4x = 28, 36, and 52 (tetraploid) and 2n = 6x = 42 (hexaploid). No clear relationship was observed between basic numbers/ploidy level and subgenera. Salvia taxa had different karyotypes in terms of asymmetry degrees, which had relatively low asymmetry in nine taxa, average asymmetry in five taxa, higher intrachromosomal asymmetry in S. glutinosa, and higher interchromosomal asymmetry in S. interrupta. S. taraxacifolia, S. canescens, S. jurisicii, and S. nutans were cytotaxonomically very close species by basic numbers of x = 11 and 13. The possible ancestral number is x = 11. The results contributed to some missing parts in Salvia cytotaxonomy.Öğe Comparative root and leaf anatomy of the Turkish Iris subgenus Scorpiris and their taxonomic and phylogenetic utility(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Celep, Aysegul; Tugay, Osman; Dural, Huseyin; Ulukus, Deniz; Bahadur, Saraj; Celep, FerhatThe genus Iris is an economically and ornamentally important genus in the family Iridaceae. Root and leaf anatomy have great potential to aid with species identification and clarify taxonomy of plant species within the family. Iris subgen. Scorpiris are a taxonomically difficult group due to morphological character variation and overlapping geographical distribution. Thus, additional morphological characters need to be articulated for correct identification and to define species boundaries in the group. Here, we studied root (nine characters) and leaf (10 characters) anatomical traits of seven species in the Iris subgen. Scorpiris in detail to evaluate their taxonomic value. Significant variation was found in the transverse section of the root (i.e. exodermis, cortex cells, endodermis, pericycle, xylem and phloem) but not in leaf anatomy. Hence, root anatomical traits can be used as additional characters for correct identification of species within the Iris subgen. Scorpiris. Box plots, principal component analyses and one-way analysis of variance were performed using quantitative characters for the studied species. Our results demonstrate that the number of exodermis layers, protoxylem and metaxylem numbers in the roots are of phylogenetic value in the studied species.Öğe Conservation Assessment of a critically endangered endemic Polygonum samsunicum (Polygonaceae) with emended description from Turkey(Sciendo, 2022) Karaer, Fergan; Celep, Ferhat; Celep, Aysegul; Kutbay, H. GurayPolygonum samsunicum is one of the endemic species from Turkey. Up to now, it has been only known from the type locality (Samsun /Ladik). This research intends to define the global conservation status and strategies of locally distributed endemic P. samsunicum which has been confronted with the danger of extinction due to anthropogenic effects in recent years. In this research, we did extensive field studies and collected all needed data for determining the precise conservation status of P. samsunicum. We reported nine additional populations from Upper Tersakan valley, where the Mediterranean climate is dominant, and the size of populations, altitude, coordinates, habitat types, and the threats it faces in each locality were given. GeoCAT analyses at global levels indicate the grade of occurrence 21.609 km(2) and area of occupancy 10.094 km(2) and there could be an inferred decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation of the original population, suggesting local endemic species might be classified as CR, based on criteria B1ab (i, ii, iii) + 2ab (i, ii, iii) in the Red List categorization. Its parts are also consumed by local people due to its medicinal features. For in-situ conservation, phenological life history and detailed ecological studies, as well as population monitoring and ex-situ conservation studies should be continued together. Establishing cooperation between universities, research institutes, and local management authorities is strongly needed for long-term monitoring of population size, distribution, overgrazing, and public awareness.Öğe Contributions to Ziziphora clinopodioides (Lamiaceae) in Turkey and Iraq(Magnolia Press, 2023) Dirmenci, Tuncay; Haloob, Ali; Celep, Ferhat; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.While revising the genus Ziziphora for the Flora of Iraq and Turkey, we recognise seven subspecies for Z. clinopodioides. An identification key to these subspecific taxa is presented. A new subspecies, Z. clinopodioides subsp. brevistamina, is described and Ziziphora brantii is given a new subspecific status as Z. clinopodioides subsp. brantii. We have selected lectotypes for the subspecies brantii, kurdica, rigida and ronnigeri of Z. clinopodioides. Besides, Z. clinopodioides subsp. filicaulis is recorded for the first time for the Flora of Turkey.Öğe Dark-centred umbels in Apiaceae: diversity, development and evolution(Oxford Univ Press, 2023) Classen-Bockhoff, Regine; Celep, Ferhat; Ajani, Yousef; Frenken, Lisa; Reuther, Kerstin; Dogan, MusaThe wild carrot (Daucus carota) is famous for its dark flowers in the umbel centre. Several studies have been conducted to figure out their functional significance, but the evolution of the dark centre remains an enigma. In the present paper, we consider all known apioid species with dark-centred umbels to get a deeper understanding of their biology and evolution. Based on herbaria studies, literature and field work, we reconstructed the distribution area of 10 species (7 genera, 6 clades) of Apiaceae-Apioideae. To recognize homology of the dark structures, developmental studies were conducted in Artedia squamata and Echiophora trichophylla Field studies included architecture, flower morph distribution (andromonoecy) and flowering sequence within the plants, abundancy and behaviour of umbel visitors and preliminary manipulation experiments (removal/adding of dark structures). The dark structures are not homologous to each other. In the Daucus alliance, central flowers or umbellets are conspicuous, whereas in other species dark brush-like (A. squamata) or club-shaped structures (Dicyclophora persica, Echinophora trichophylla, Tordylium aegyptiacum, T. cappadocicum) develop from a naked receptacle. Species are andromonoecious, have a modular architecture and flower in multicyclic protandrous sequence. Among the many umbel visitors, beetles were the most abundant group. Only visitors found on umbels in both flowering phases were recognized as possible pollinators. Manipulation experiments indicated that the dark structures influence the behaviour of some, but not all umbel visitors. In Echinophora trichophylla, a massive gall infection was observed. It is evident that the dark structures evolved several times in parallel. The brush- and club-shaped structures are interpreted as the results of mutations affecting umbel development. Dark umbel centres are most likely stabilized by selection due to their general adaptive function. Their appearance in an area known as a hotspot of beetle pollination gives rise to the assumption that they may act as beetle marks. The wild carrot is famous for its red flower in the umbel centre. The function of this flower has been discussed since the time of Darwin. Experiments have led to the general conclusion that it is adaptive addressing at least part of the unspecialized visitors and pollinators. We show that Daucus carota is not the only species with dark umbel-centres. At least 10 apioid species from 7 genera and 6 clades have conspicuous dark structures in their umbels. It is evident that the morphologically diverse structures evolved in parallel. Some receptacle structures appear to be inherited mutations linked with the peculiarities of the umbel meristem. As the diversity centre of the species with dark-centred umbels is SW Asia, an area known as a hotspot of beetle pollination, we speculate that the dark umbel centres may act as beetle marks not only but primarily attracting beetles as pollinators.Öğe East Asian-North American disjunctions and phylogenetic relationships within subtribe Nepetinae (Lamiaceae)(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2023) Rose, Jeffrey P.; Wiese, Joshua; Pauley, Nicole; Dirmenci, Tuncay; Celep, Ferhat; Xiang, Chun-Lei; Drew, Bryan T.Biogeographic disjunctions, including intercontinental disjunctions, are frequent across plant lineages and have been of considerable interest to biologists for centuries. Their study has been reinvigorated by molecular dating and associated comparative methods. One of the classic disjunction patterns is that between Eastern Asia and North America. It has been speculated that this pattern is the result of vicariance following the sundering of a widespread Acrto-Teritary flora. Subtribe Nepetinae in the mint family (Lamiaceae) is noteworthy because it contains three genera with this disjunction pattern: Agastache, Dracocephalum, and Meehania. These disjunctions are ostensibly the result of three separate events, allowing for concurrent testing of the tempo, origin, and type of each biogeographic event. Using four plastid and four nuclear markers, we estimated divergence times and analyzed the historical biogeography of Nepetinae, including comprehensive sampling of all major clades for the first time. We recover a well-supported and largely congruent phylogeny of Nepetinae between genomic compartments, although several cases of cyto-nuclear discordance are evident. We demonstrate that the three disjunctions are pseudo-congruent, with unidirectional movement from East Asia at slightly staggered times during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. With the possible exception of Meehania, we find that vicariance is likely the underlying driver of these disjunctions. The biogeographic history of Meehania in North America may be best explained by long-distance dispersal, but a more complete picture awaits deeper sampling of the nuclear genome and more advanced biogeographical models.Öğe An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae, with emphasis on Limonium (sea lavenders): Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations(Wiley, 2018) Koutroumpa, Konstantina; Theodoridis, Spyros; Warren, Ben H.; Jimenez, Ares; Celep, Ferhat; Dogan, Musa; Conti, ElenaPlumbaginaceae is characterized by a history of multiple taxonomic rearrangements and lacks a broad molecular phylogenetic framework. Limonium is the most species-rich genus of the family with ca. 600 species and cosmopolitan distribution. Its center of diversity is the Mediterranean region, where ca. 70% of all Limonium species are endemic. In this study, we sample 201 Limonium species covering all described infrageneric entities and spanning its wide geographic range, along with 64 species of other Plumbaginaceae genera, representing 23 out of 29 genera of the family. Additionally, 20 species of the sister family Polygonaceae were used as outgroup. Sequences of three chloroplast (trnL-F, matK, and rbcL) and one nuclear (ITS) loci were used to infer the molecular phylogeny employing maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. According to our results, within Plumbaginoideae, Plumbago forms a non-monophyletic assemblage, with Plumbago europaea sister to Plumbagella, while the other Plumbago species form a clade sister to Dyerophytum. Within Limonioideae, Ikonnikovia is nested in Goniolimon, rejecting its former segregation as genus distinct from Goniolimon. Limonium is divided into two major clades: Limonium subg. Pteroclados s.l., including L. sect. Pteroclados and L. anthericoides, and L. subg. Limonium. The latter is divided into three well-supported subclades: the monospecific L. sect. Limoniodendron sister to a clade comprising a mostly non-Mediterranean subclade and a Mediterranean subclade. Our results set the foundation for taxonomic proposals on sections and subsections of Limonium, namely: (a) the newly described L. sect. Tenuiramosum, created to assign L. anthericoides at the sectional rank; (b) the more restricted circumscriptions of L. sect. Limonium (= L. sect. Limonium subsect. Genuinae) and L. sect. Sarcophyllum (for the Sudano-Zambezian/Saharo-Arabian clade); (c) the more expanded circumscription of L. sect. Nephrophyllum (including species of the L. bellidifolium complex); and (d) the new combinations for L. sect. Pruinosum and L. sect. Pteroclados subsect. Odontolepideae and subsect. Nobiles.Öğe Flower-like meristem conditions and spatial constraints shape architecture of floral pseudanthia in Apioideae(Bmc, 2022) Baczynski, Jakub; Celep, Ferhat; Spalik, Krzysztof; Classen-Bockhoff, RegineBackground: Pseudanthia are multiflowered units that resemble single flowers, frequently by association with pseudocorollas formed by enlarged peripheral florets (ray flowers). Such resemblance is not only superficial, because numerous pseudanthia originate from peculiar reproductive meristems with flower-like characteristics, i.e. floral unit meristems (FUMs). Complex FUM-derived pseudanthia with ray flowers are especially common in Apiaceae, but our knowledge about their patterning is limited. In this paper, we aimed to investigate both the genetic and morphological basis of their development. Results: We analysed umbel morphogenesis with SEM in six species representing four clades of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae with independently acquired floral pseudanthia. Additionally, using in situ hybridization, we investigated expression patterns of LEAFY (LFY), UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), and CYCLOIDEA (CYC) during umbel development in carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota). Here, we show that initial differences in size and shape of umbel meristems influence the position of ray flower formation, whereas an interplay between peripheral promotion and spatial constraints in umbellet meristems take part in the establishment of specific patterns of zygomorphy in ray flowers of Apiaceae. This space-dependent patterning results from flower-like morphogenetic traits of the umbel which are also visible at the molecular level. Transcripts of DcLFY are uniformly distributed in the incipient umbel, umbellet and flower meristems, while DcCYC shows divergent expression in central and peripheral florets. Conclusions: Our results indicate that umbels develop from determinate reproductive meristems with flower-like characteristics, which supports their recognition as floral units. The great architectural diversity and complexity of pseudanthia in Apiaceae can be explained by the unique conditions of FUMs-an interplay between expression of regulatory genes, specific spatio-temporal ontogenetic constraints and morphogenetic gradients arising during expansion and repetitive fractionation. Alongside Asteraceae, umbellifers constitute an interesting model for investigation of patterning in complex pseudanthia.Öğe Lamium cappadocicum, a new species from Central Anatolia, Turkey: evidence from molecular and morphological studies(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Celep, Ferhat; Karaer, Fergan; Drew, Bryan T.Lamium is a taxonomically convoluted genus of about 34 species. Within Lamium, the L. garganicum species complex is particularly challenging. Here, based on morphological and molecular studies, Lamium cappadocicum Celep & Karaer sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is separated from L. garganicum and L. bilgilii and described as a new species, and L. garganicum subsp. rectum (= L. garganicum subsp. pulchrum) is resurrected. The new species is only known from the Hasan Mountain (Aksaray) in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Lamium cappadocicum is closely related to L. garganicum subsp. rectum but differs from it by its mat-forming caespitose habit, reniform (rarely ovate in upper part) and deeply cordate leaves with dense white villous hairs, deeply crenate and undulate leaf margins, subglabrous to sparsely pilose stems, and densely white villous calyces. Lamium cappadocicum also differs from L. bilgilii by its mat -forming caespitose habit, smaller corollas (25-33 mm versus 40-52 mm in L. bilgilii), subglabrous to sparsely pilose stems and smaller leaves (3-20 (-30) mm long x 3-20 (-30) mm wide, versus 5-45 mm long x 5-45 mm wide in L. bilgilii). Molecular phylogenetic analyses from nuclear ribosomal (nrITS) and chloroplast (matK, rpoA and psbA-trnH) gene regions support the morphological results. The IUCN conservation status, ecology, phenology, etymology, and notes on biogeography of the new species are also given and diagnostic features are discussed.Öğe Lectotypification of Dracocephalum royleanum (Lamiaceae)(Magnolia Press, 2021) Turdiboev, Obidjon A.; Mamatqosimov, Odilbek T.; Celep, FerhatDuring our literature and herbarium studies, we have come across a typological issue regarding the name Dracocephalum royleanum (= Lallemantia royleana). In this paper, the nomenclatural history of L. royleana is presented and typification of D. royleanum is proposed.Öğe Model selection, hummingbird natural history, and biological hypotheses: a response to Sazatornil et al.(Oxford Univ Press, 2023) Kriebel, Ricardo; Rose, Jeffrey P.; Drew, Bryan T.; Gonzalez-Gallegos, Jesus G.; Celep, Ferhat; Heeg, Luciann; Mahdjoub, Mohamed M.We have previously suggested that a shift from bee to hummingbird pollination, in concert with floral architecture modifications, occurred at the crown of Salvia subgenus Calosphace in North America ca. 20 mya (Kriebel et al. 2020 and references therein). Sazatornil et al. (2022), using a hidden states model, challenged these assertions, arguing that bees were the ancestral pollinator of subg. Calosphace and claiming that hummingbirds could not have been the ancestral pollinator of subg. Calosphace because hummingbirds were not contemporaneous with crown subg. Calosphace in North America. Here, using a variety of models, we demonstrate that most analyses support hummingbirds as ancestral pollinators of subg. Calosphace and show that Sazatornil et al. (2022) erroneously concluded that hummingbirds were absent from North America ca. 20 mya. We contend that biological realism - based on timing and placement of hummingbirds in Mexico ca. 20 mya and the correlative evolution of hummingbird associated floral traits - must be considered when comparing models based on fit and complexity, including hidden states models.Öğe Morphological, genetic and epigenetic aspects of homoploid hybridization between Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia fruticosa Mill.(Nature Publishing Group, 2019) Radosavljevic, Ivan; Bogdanovic, Sandro; Celep, Ferhat; Filipovic, Maja; Satovic, Zlatko; Surina, Bostjan; Liber, ZlatkoThe inheritance of phenotypic, genetic and epigenetic traits in hybridization events is difficult to predict, as numerous evolutionary, ecological, and genetic factors can play a crucial role in the process of hybridization. In the middle Adriatic island of Vis, we investigated hybridization between Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa at morphological, genetic and epigenetic levels. SSR results revealed that hybrid individuals were characterized by diploid set of chromosomes suggesting homoploid hybridization. A well-defined group that mostly comprised of F-1 generation individuals was detected. For the majority of analysed morphological characteristics, hybrids were placed in-between parental taxa, while at the same time, values of different genetic parameters were mostly higher in hybrids than in parental species. The results revealed a high contrast in the levels of phenotypic variability and epigenetic excitation between parental taxa. Environmental niche modelling confirmed that in the studied location S. officinalis experiences optimal climatological conditions, while S. fruticosa struggles with unsuitable conditions. Very low levels of gene flow between the parental species were detected. In addition, contrasting levels of epigenetic excitation in the studied groups clearly demonstrated the importance of an epigenetic response to an altered environment and confirmed the trans-generational nature of the epigenetic changes.Öğe Nutlet micromorphology and its taxonomic and phylogenetic significance in Salvia (Lamiaceae)(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2020) Celep, Ferhat; Kahraman, Ahmet; Guerin, Greg R.; Karabacak, Ersin; Akaydin, Galip; Dogan, MusaSalvia (sage) is a species rich and medicinally important genus. Species-level identification is usually very difficult, particularly in closely related species. Here, we investigated nutlet micromorphological characteristics of 51 taxa belonging to S. subg. Salvia, S. subg. Sclarea and Salvia verticillata clade (S. subg. Heterosphace) by stereo binocular microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to show their taxonomic and phylogenetic value. The present study is the most comprehensive nutlet micromorphological study based on the number of taxa studied in the genus so far. The size of nutlets varies from 1.61 mm (S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) to 8.44 mm (S. albimaculata) in length, 1.02 mm (S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) to 4.20 mm (S. macrochlamys) in width. Nutlet length/width ratio ranges from 1.02 (S. bracteata and S. indica) to 3.06 (S. albimaculata). The basic shape of nutlets is elliptic, widely elliptic, circular, ovate or obovate. Five nutlet sculpturing patterns are present namely colliculate, reticulate, verrucate, rugose and foveate. The variation of surface sculpturing, nutlet shape, size, and exocarp cell shape provide useful diagnostic properties at species and subgenus level. However, nutlet micromorphological characters are of low phylogenetic value in studied Salvia species.Öğe Palynomorphological diversity among the Asteraceous honeybee flora: An aid to the correct taxonomic identification using multiple microscopic techniques(Wiley, 2022) Nabila; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Zafar, Muhammad; Bahadur, Saraj; Sultana, Shazia; Taj, Sehrish; Celep, FerhatThis study aimed to characterize the palynological morphology of melliferous species of family Asteraceae belonged to seven tribes which were categorized into 15 genera and were studied under light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, and described qualitatively. Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis. The species were analyzed considering 11 quantitative pollen characteristics. The study revealed that the pollen grains are circular, triangular, angular, semi-angular, quadrangular, pentagonal and hexagonal amb, and 3-colporate or 3-colpate. The size of the pollen is variable among the species, ranged from 56.1 to 23.2 mu m. Three pollen types: oblate spheroidal (eight species), prolate spheroidal (six species), and suboblate (two species) were observed. The surface pattern of the exine varies from echinoperforate, echinate, echinate microperforate, fenestrate, echinoperforate reticulate, microreticulate, echinate perforate, tectate, and scabrate. Exine thickness was calculated minimum in Cichorium intybus (2.47 mu m) and maximum in Taraxacum campylodes (5.15 mu m). A key to studied bee floral species, based on the morphological features of pollen grains, is also provided. The palynomorphological characters here analyzed can be potentially used to correctly identify the Asteraceous honeybee floral species most commonly plants visited by honeybees in the study area.Öğe Phylogeny, biogeography and character evolution of origanum L. (Lamiaceae)(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Celep, Ferhat; Özcan, Taner; Rose, Jeffrey P.; Yazici, Türker; Dirmenci, TuncayOriganum L. (Lamiaceae) comprises perennial herbs with medicinal and culinary uses and is largely confined to the Mediterranean Basin. Despite the economic importance of this genus, phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries are unclear and insufficiently studied. We sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA region from 40 Origanum taxa and 32 outgroup specimens. Using this data, we tested sectional and species relationships in Origanum together with molecular dating, biogeographical and character evolution analysis. Molecular results shown that Origanum is a monophyletic genus, however sections of the genus proposed by morphological data are not monophyletic. Thymus L. is sister to Origanum (PP = 1), and the two genera diverged 5.14-6.5 mya. Origanum diversified during the Pliocene, 3.05-5.33 mya. Biogeographic analysis shows and Eastern Mediterranean region is the center of diversity and origin of the genus. In addition, we reconstructed the evolution of four morphological characters which have been used as diagnostic characters in previous infrageneric classifications of Origanum. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Pollination Ecology, Specialization, and Genetic Isolation in Sympatric Bee-PollinatedSalvia(Lamiaceae)(UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 2020) Celep, Ferhat; Atalay, Zeynep; Dikmen, Fatih; Dogan, Musa; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Classen-Bockhoff, ReginePremise of research. Previous pollination ecology studies ofSalviahave shown that there is low specialization for certain subgroups of bees and that pollinator number varies with species and locality. We studied 12Salviaspecies (three clades with different corolla morphologies and staminal lever mechanisms) that in part co-occur and coflower to examine prezygotic isolation mechanisms and the degree of specialization versus generalization in pollination ecology. Methodology. Pollinators were identified using field observations, photos, and related literature across three sites in Turkey. Video documentation of the visitation rate and the site of pollen placement on the pollinator body, morphometric measurements between flowers and pollinators, flowering time, flower color, handling time, and stigma contact ratio were analyzed. Plant-pollinator networks were constructed. Pivotal results. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation occurs among sympatricSalviaspecies. A morphological fit is evident between flower tube length and the proboscis length of the main pollinators. Pollinator networks indicate that most species are ecological generalists and that only a few are specialists. Conclusions. The 12Salviaspecies, though phenotypically and functionally specialized by their zygomorphic, bilabiate flowers and bee-pollination syndrome, differ in the degree of their ecological specialization. Most of the sympatricSalviaspecies tend to be ecologically generalized, with two or more main pollinators and a few additional secondary pollinators, while a fewSalviaspecies are clearly specialized. Some floral traits (e.g., flower color, morphology, size, corolla tube length and width of the corolla tube entrance, type and size of the staminal lever mechanism, small numbers of flowers in the inflorescence), a short flowering time, and a small population size appear to be correlated with the degree of ecological specialization.Öğe Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity inSalvia(Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods(WILEY, 2020) Kriebel, Ricardo; Drew, Bryan; Gonzalez-Gallegos, Jesus G.; Celep, Ferhat; Heeg, Luciann; Mahdjoub, Mohamed M.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1000 species ofSalvia(Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW)Salviais largely distinct from that of Old World (OW)Salviaand that these differences are pollinator driven; shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; anther connectives (key constituents of theSalviastaminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever inSalviais a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
