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Öğe Causality Among Oil Prices, GDP and Exchange Rate: Evidence from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan(2017) Dikkaya, Mehmet; Doyar, Bayram VeliFollowing their independence, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, which place great importance to oil industry, have also succeeded in attracting foreign investments to this industry. Over time, this industry, which has become a key to the economy, has made the economy vulnerable particularly to oil prices. In this regard, current paper investigates causal relationships between quarterly time series of oil prices, GDP and exchange rate for both Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan separately. Toda-Yamamoto causality test results for Azerbaijan suggest that there are unidirectional causalities from exchange rate to oil prices, from oil prices to GDP and from GDP to exchange rate. As for Kazakhstan, causalities run from oil prices to GDP, exchange rate to GDP and oil prices to exchange rate.Öğe Causality Among Oil Prices, GDP and Exchange Rate: Evidence from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan(Ahmet Yesevi Univ, 2017) Dikkaya, Mehmet; Doyar, Bayram VeliFollowing their independence, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, which place great importance to oil industry, have also succeeded in attracting foreign investments to this industry. Over time, this industry, which has become a key to the economy, has made the economy vulnerable particularly to oil prices. In this regard, current paper investigates causal relationships between quarterly time series of oil prices, GDP and exchange rate for both Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan separately. Toda-Yamamoto causality test results for Azerbaijan suggest that there are unidirectional causalities from exchange rate to oil prices, from oil prices to GDP and from GDP to exchange rate. As for Kazakhstan, causalities run from oil prices to GDP, exchange rate to GDP and oil prices to exchange rate.Öğe Corruption and Income Inequality in OECD Countries(Bc Grup Inc, 2017) Isik, H. Bayram; Kaya, M. Veysel; Doyar, Bayram Veli…Öğe Development of the ICT sector and the determinants of Internet use in the Southern Caucasus(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Doyar, Bayram Veli; Rzali, Shamsi; Dikkaya, MehmetThis paper examines Internet use in the Southern Caucasus by qualitative and quantitative methods. Firstly, as the developments in ICTs affect Internet use, the macroeconomic problems faced in the development of the sector are qualitatively analyzed. It is seen that high Internet service prices, government dominance, and lack of competition in the ICT sector as well as the wars in some regions are obstacles to Internet use. Finally, the determinants of Internet use are explored using survey data and employing microeconometric techniques considering sample se-lection. The empirical findings, inter alia, indicate that key variables contributing to frequent Internet use are computer ability in Armenia and computer ownership in Azerbaijan, and mobile phone ownership in Georgia.Öğe İnternet Kullanımı ve GSYH’nın Elektrik Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği(2017) Kaya, M. Veysel; Doyar, Bayram Veli; Demir, FatihBu çalışma Türkiye için 1994-2014 dönemi yıllık zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak elektrik tüketimi, GSYH ve internet kullanımı arasındaki ilişkileri göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. İnternet kullanımı bilgiye erişimde en hızlı yollardan biri olduğu için, elektrik tüketimine etkisi de ekonomik büyüme açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu amaç yönelik olarak ARDL sınır testi uygulanmış ve değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ardından seçilen ARDL modelinden kısa ve uzun dönem katsayıları tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar hem uzun hem de kısa dönemde Türkiye'de internet kullanımı ve GSYH'nin elektrik tüketimi üzerindepozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca gecikmeli hata düzeltme katsayısı, uzun dönem ilişkisini onaylayacak şekilde negatif işaretli olarak bulunmuştur. Ancak, bukatsayı -1 ile -2 arasında yeraldığından uzun dönem dengesinin dalgalanarak azalan bir biçimde sağlandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Türkiye için enerji koruma politikaları önerilmiştir
