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    Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on the Inner Mucosa of the Craniofacial Region
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019) Kar, Murat; Emre, Ismet Emrah; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Cingi, Cemal
    Objectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) from the otorhinolaryngologic point of view. Methods: The authors searched Central Database of Kirikkale University Library, Google, PubMed, and Proquest and Google Scholar. Results: An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that vaporizes a liquid, generally including nicotine. Nowadays, e-cigarettes are used for smoking cessation or to reduce the consumption of conventional tobacco cigarettes. First generation ecigarette devices were similar to conventional tobacco cigarettes in terms of shape and size and expressed as "cigalikes." Differently from traditional cigarettes in which tobacco is burned to generate smoke, electronic cigarettes contain a tank filled with liquid. It was found that e-cigarette liquids contained different types of chemical compounds which were either previously known carcinogens or probably prove to be carcinogenic to humans in the near future. It seems that the use of electronic cigarette does not harm the oral cells. However, the use of e-cigarette for 4 weeks led to metaplasia and hyperplasia of the laryngeal mucosa in rats. Furthermore, eciagarettes produce some adverse effects on the nasal mucosa, supressing the immune system. Conclusion: It should not be considered that e-cigarettes are safer unless their effects on the mucosa of the ear, nose, and throat are more precisely clarified.
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    Jetlag related sleep problems and their management: A review
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Cingi, Cemal; Emre, Ismet Emrah; Muluk, Nuray Bayar
    Objectives: We reviewed Jetlag, particularly in view of its effects on sleep and how it can be managed. Methods: The Proquest Central database of Kirikkale University, PubMed and Google scholar were used while searching for the following key words: "Jetlag", "symptoms", "sleep", "melatonin" and "treatment". Results: Flight dysrhythmia, otherwise known as jetlag, is caused by flying globally over various time zones. Most passengers who fly over six or more different time zones generally require 4-6 days after travelling to resume their usual sleep patterns and to feel less lethargic during the day. Signs of jet lag can vary between debilitated awareness, insomnia, feeling tired during the day and frequent waking during the night. During the night our pineal glands excrete a hormone called melatonin; dim lights cause the continuation of excretion of these hormones whereas any exposure to bright lights stems the flow of release. Common precautionary measures are specific diets, bright lights and melatonin agonists (Ramelteon, Agomelatine). Conclusion: Sleep issues derived from jetlag were found to be most common in passengers who flew through various time belts. Melatonin assumes a critical part in adjusting the body's circadian rhythms and has been utilized restoratively to re-establish irritated circadian rhythms.