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    Antibacterial and antifungal activity of MTA-basedroot canal sealer versus epoxy resin-based andmethacrylate resin-based sealers
    (2020) Türkyılmaz, Ali; Erdemir, Ali
    Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial and antifungal activity of MTA Fillapex with AH 26, AH Plus, and RealSeal root canal sealers. S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans were used as test microorganisms with the agar-diffusion test (ADT) and the direct contact test (DCT). Methodology: For the ADT, 48 Mueller-Hinton plates were divided into 3 groups according to the microorganism used. Each group was then divided into 4 subgroups according to root canal sealer. Mueller-Hinton and Sabouraud agar mediums were preferred, and inhibition zones were measured to determine the antimicrobial efficacy at designated intervals. In the DCT, 96-well microtiter plates were used. For each microorganism and each sealer, 8 consecutive wells were prepared vertically on the plate. Microbial suspensions were allowed to directly contact the sealers in each well for 1 hour at 37°C. Subsequently, microbial growth was spectrophotometrically measured at set intervals for the freshly mixed and set forms.Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the tested root canal sealers for antimicrobial effectiveness (p < 0.05). According to the ADT results, all sealers had antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. MTA Fillapex demonstrated satisfying results in the ADT against all microorganisms. In the DCT, MTA Fillapex inhibited bacterial and fungal growth in all freshly mixed and set forms. However, the set forms of AH 26 and AH Plus began to lose their antimicrobial activity on the tested microorganisms after a while.Conclusion: The results showed that the MTA-based root canal sealer MTA Fillapex may be a favorable alternative sealer against bacterial and/or fungal species in clinical practice.
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    Assessing the Information Quality, Accuracy and Content of YouTube Videos on the Endo-Perio Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study
    (2024) Barış, Sevda Dürüst; Hançerlioğulları, Dilek; Barış, Kubilay; Türkyılmaz, Ali; Erdemir, Ali
    Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and analyse the quality, accuracy and content of videos about endo-perio lesions on the Youtube platform. Material and Methods: The search term \"endo-perio lesions\" was identified using the Google Trends application. On 1 December 2023, between 10:00 and 13:00, the term \"endo-perio lesions\" was searched on YouTube videos. The URLs of the first 200 videos were copied and the 40 videos that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated and scored for Global Quality Score (GQS), Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) scale and completeness. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, as well as the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests. The significance level was determined as p<0.05. Results: The highest average GQS (mean±SD: 4,40 ± 0,52), mDISCERN (mean±SD: 4,80 ± 0,42) and completeness score (mean±SD: 4,90 ± 1,45), were found in videos posted by dentists or specialists. Among the content of the 40 videos, the most frequently mentioned topic was 'treatment of endo-perio lesions' (%82.5), followed by 'clinical and radiographic findings' (%77.5), 'etiological factors' (%62.5) and 'diagnosis' (%62.5). Other topics included, in decreasing order, 'classification of endodontic lesions' (%55), 'prognosis (%50)', 'microbiology' (%10) and 'pathology' (%10). Conclusion: It can be concluded that YouTube can provide valuable and useful information about endodontic lesions, within the limitations of this study. However, it is recommended to supplement this information with additional details on the prognosis, microbiology, and pathology of the lesions.
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    Assessment of antibacterial activity of EndoREZ
    (Mosby-Elsevier, 2006) Eldeniz, Ayce Ünverdi; Erdemir, Ali; Hadimli, Hasan Hüseyin; Belli, Sema; Erganis, Osman
    Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of a new resin based sealer, EndoREZ in comparison with 5 other sealers: AH 26, Diaket, Sultan, Apexit, and RoekoSeal. Study design. The effect of 6 different sealers oil the growth of 3 bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was measured using the agar diffusion test (ADT) and direct contact test (DCT). For ADT, 200 mu L bacterial suspensions were spread oil agar plates and freshly mixed sealers were applied to uniform wells punched in the agar. The zones of inhibition of bacterial growth were measured at 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 10 days. For DCT, 2 sets of sealers were prepared: fresh and 24-hour samples. Fresh samples were used within 20 minutes of mixing time while 24-hour samples were allowed to set it) a humid atmosphere at 37 degrees C for 24 hours before testing. Sealers were mixed and placed oil the walls of microliter plate wells and 10-mu L bacterial Suspensions were allowed to directly contact the sealers for I hour. Fresh media were added and 15 mu L were transferred from this plate to another plate containing fresh medium (215 mu L). Bacterial growth of this last plate was then measured using spectrophotometer every hour over 16 hours. Results. ADT results indicated that EndoREZ, Apexit, and RoekoSeal did not show any, antibacterial activity. In DCT results, AH 26 and Sultan were potent bacterial growth inhibitors. Conclusion. EndoREZ is not as potent a bacterial growth inhibitor as Sultan and AH 26.
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    Assessment of Undergraduate Dentistry Students’ Experiences and Self-Confidence Levels During Endodontic Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study
    (2022) Dincer, Gozde Akbal; Erdogan, Deniz; Türkyılmaz, Ali; Erdemir, Ali
    Objective: The goal of this study is to compare experi ences and self-rated confidence levels between 4th and 5th year students across endodontic assignments. Material and Methods: A survey con sisting of 26 questions was organized at the termination of the academic year with the involvement of 4th and 5th year students studying at Kırıkkale University Faculty of Dentistry in accordance with the Princi ples of the Declaration of Helsinki. First 16 questions were about levels of confidence. Other questions prepared as multiple choices are about their experiences in endodontic procedures. The data obtained after col lecting the questionnaires were analyzed by using chi-square, Fisher’s exact and Mann-Whitney U tests at the 5% significance level. Results: One hundred and sixteen students (64 of 72 4th and 52 of 62 5th grade stu dents) answered the survey. The participation rate was 86.27%. The Grade-5 group felt statistically more confident about radiographic tech niques, determining the working length, mechanical instrumentation and filling of the root canals (p=0.030, p=0.001, p=0.011, p=0.020). Com paring mechanical instrumentation in maxillary and mandibular molars, the Grade-4 group felt statistically significantly confident in instrumen tation of the mandibular molars (p=0.000). The Grade-4 group felt sta tistically more confident in performing periapical radiographs of maxillary anterior teeth (p=0.000) and the Grade-5 group of mandibular molars (0.001). Additionally, students think that endodontics are more difficult than other dentistry departments (p=0.000). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, evaluating the major student difficulties dur ing endodontic treatment may improve teaching strategies throughout preclinical and clinical education.
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    Comparison of ADAMTS Levels in Pulp Tissue Samples of Healthy and Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis Teeth
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Golbasi, Filiz; Erdemir, Ali; Kisa, Ucler
    Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the levels of different A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS; ie, ADAMTS-1, -4, and -9]) related to the breakdown of the proteoglycans and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) levels that inhibit ADAMTS in the extracellular matrix of healthy pulp and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Methods: Pulp tissue samples diagnosed with healthy and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were collected from 48 participants. Healthy and inflamed pulps were directly transferred to Eppendorf tubes (Labosel, Istanbul, Turkey) and stored at -80 degrees C (NOve-DF490; Nuve, Ankara, Turkey) until further use. Routine root canal treatment procedures for the teeth were performed, after which the treatment process was completed. The levels of ADAMTS-1, -4, and -9 and TIMP-3 were measured in supernatants of human dental pulp tissue extracts using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (USCN, Wuhan, China). The independent sample t test and 1-way analysis of variance were used for parametric data, and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for nonparametric data. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between ADAMTS-1 and -9 and TIMP-3 levels of the healthy pulp and pulpitis groups (P < .05), but there was no significant difference for ADAMTS-4 levels (P > .05). It was found that the levels of ADAMTS-1 and -9 were higher in the pulpitis group compared with the healthy pulp group, whereas the TIMP-3 level decreased (P < .05). Conclusions: As a result of this study, it was concluded that ADAMTS-1 and -9 and TIMP-3 might have a role in pulpal inflammation, whereas ADAMTS-4 was not related to pulpal inflammation.
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    Comparison of dentin penetration ability of different root canal sealers used with different obturation methods
    (WILEY, 2020) Turkyilmaz, Ali; Erdemir, Ali
    This in vitro study aimed to investigate the tubular penetration depth of four different sealers used with two different obturation methods in the apical, middle, and coronal root canal dentin. Eighty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented until the F4 ProTaper universal rotary file and filled with AH26, AH Plus (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), RealSeal (SybronEndo, Orange, CA), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) using cold lateral condensation (CLC) and single-cone (SC) obturation techniques. Thereafter, the roots were sectioned longitudinal and prepared for scanning electron microscope evaluation. The maximum and minimum sealers penetration depth into dentinal tubules at the apical, middle, and coronal regions and the average depth of sealer penetration were calculated. The data was statistically analyzed two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey and Dunnett tests and independent samplesttest using maximum mean values. There was no statistically difference between the obturation methods (p> .05). When the sealers are evaluated within themselves AH26 was affected by obturation methods significantly (p< .05). Also the results revealed a significant difference between root regions (p< .05). AH26 and RealSeal root canal sealers had the highest penetration values with CLC and SC obturation techniques, respectively. The obturation method did not affect the penetration amount of root canal sealers. RealSeal root canal sealer performed better penetration ability than the other sealers. Apical third of the root in all groups showed lowest penetration depth.
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    Comparison of Different Irrigation Activation Techniques on Smear Layer Removal: An in vitro Study
    (Wiley, 2015) Ekim, Sefika Nur Akyuz; Erdemir, Ali
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal. About 80 single-rooted human maxillary central teeth were decoronated to a standardized length.The samples were prepared by using ProTaper system to size F4 and divided into eight equal groups (n=10) according to the final irrigation activation technique; distilled water was used as an irrigant in Group 1. The other groups were treated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, respectively. Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) was used in Group 2. Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, Group 3), EndoVac apical negative pressure (ANP, Group 4), diode laser (Group 5), Nd:YAG laser (Group 6), Er:YAG laser (Group 7), and Er:YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS, Group 8). Teeth were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM). PIPS showed the best removal of smear layer when compared with PUI, ANP, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Smear layer scores obtained with PIPS technique were statistically significant different from those of obtained with control, CSI and diode laser groups (P<0.05). All experimental irrigation techniques except ANP and diode laser removed smear layer more effectively at the coronal and middle levels compared to the apical level (P<0.05). Irrigation activated/delivered techniques except diode laser have a positive effect on removing of smear layer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:230-239, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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    Comparison of Neurokinin A, Substance P, Interleukin 8, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Changes in Pulp tissue and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Samples of Healthy and Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis Teeth
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020) Dincer, Gozde Akbal; Erdemir, Ali; Kisa, Ulcer
    Introdution: The aim of this study was to compare levels of neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP), interleukin (IL)-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in pulp tissue and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of healthy and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis teeth. Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with healthy and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis teeth were included in this study. NKA, SP, IL-8, and MMP-8 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test after pulp and GCF samples were obtained from healthy (n = 20) and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis teeth (n = 20). GCF sampling of 40 teeth was repeated 1 week later. Routine root canal treatment procedures of the teeth were performed, and the treatment process was completed. As a control group, GCF samples were taken from the contralateral teeth in both groups. Statistical analysis was performed using dependent and independent t tests, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Comparing the groups, all mediator levels were significantly higher in the pulp samples in the pulpitis group compared with the healthy group (NKA: P < .001, SP: P = .005, IL-8: P < .001, and MMP-8: P < .001). Likewise, in the pulpitis group, all mediator levels were significantly higher in the first GCF samples compared with the healthy group (NKA: P = .01, SP: P < .001, IL-8: P = .001, and MMP-8: P < .001). Conclusions: It was observed that NKA, SP, IL-8, and MMP-8 increased significantly in pulp tissue and GCF specimens of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis teeth compared with pulp tissue and GCF specimens of healthy teeth. Second, it was determined that NKA, SP, IL-8, and MMP-8 levels decreased significantly in GCF samples in teeth diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis 1 week after the removal of inflamed pulp. Finally, SP, IL-8, and MMP-8 levels were found to be higher in pulp tissue samples of the patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with higher pain scores than those with low pain scores.
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    Comparison of the subcutaneous tissue reactions caused by chloroform and halothane dipped gutta-percha
    (2006) Erdemir, Ali; Üngör, Mete; Ortatatlı, Mustafa
    Amaç: Yassı Kanallar standart bir güta-perka konun kolay adaptasyonuna izin vermezler. Bu tip kanallara bir ana konun uyumu çözücüye daldırma tekniği ile hazırlanan şekillendirilmiş bir konla sağlanabilir. Bu in vivo çalışmanın amacı çözücüye daldırılarak sıkıştırılan güta-perka tekniğinde kullanılan chloroform ve halotanın biouyumluluğunu değerlendirmekti. Gereç ve Yöntem: 21 adet Spraque Dawley cinsi rat kullanıldı. Kloroform veya halotana daldırılan güta-perka içeren teflon tüpler ratların sırt bölgesindeki deri altı bağ dokusuna implante edildi. Güta-perka ve boş teflon tüp her rata kontrol amacıyla implante edildi. Her rata farklı gruplardan dört implantasyon yapıldı. Gözlem dönemlerinden sonra (1, 4 ve 8 hafta) rotlar histopatolojik analiz için sakrifiye edildiler. Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonuçları 1 hafta sonra tüm implant tipleri için inflamatuar reaksiyonların orta ve şiddetli derecede olduğunu gösterdi. Reaksiyonların derecesi, 4 ve 8. haftalardan sonra azaldı. 8 hafta sonunda tüm implant tipleri için minimal veya hafif inflamatuar reaksiyonlar vardı. Sonuç: Tüm implantlar için inflamatuar reaksiyonların şiddeti zamanla azaldı. Chloroform ve halotana daldırılan güta-perka, kontrol güta-perka ve teflonla oluşan histopatolojik doku reaksiyonları arasında belirgin bir farklılık olmadığı görüldü.
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    Comparison of various irrigation activation procedures after post space preparation on push-out bond strength of fiber posts: an in vitro study
    (Pagepress Publ, 2021) Akbulut, Merve Ozguven; Ozbay, Yagiz; Erdemir, Ali
    Aim: To compare the effectiveness of various irrigation activation methods applied after post space preparation on the push- out bond strengths of fiber posts to root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty maxillary central incisor teeth were prepared and root-filled. Following the preparation of the post spaces, the teeth were randomly allocated to 5 groups (n=4) based on the irrigation activation method. Post spaces were irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA and various irrigation activation techniques were applied in each group as follow. Group 1: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI); Group 2: manual-dynamic activation (MDA); Group 3: negative apical pressure (EndoVac); Group 4: passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and Group 5: Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Subsequent to fiber post placement, the samples were transversally sectioned and push-out tests were applied for measurement of the bond strength of fiber posts. Results: Irrigation activation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser, EndoVac and PUI resulted higher push-out bond strength in comparison to MDA and CSI (P<.05). Conclusions: Irrigation activation with EndoVac, PUI and Er,Cr:YSGG laser provides superior bonding strength for fiber posts.
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    The detection of salivary minerals in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry technique
    (Wiley, 2006) Erdemir, Ebru Olgun; Erdemir, Ali
    Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on the salivary minerals in subjects with chronic periodontitis by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) technique. Methods: The study group included 24 subjects - 12 smokers and 12 non-smokers-with chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva were obtained, and the levels of five elements-sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate-in each specimen were analyzed. Results: When the clinical parameters were compared between groups, only plaque index was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (P < 0.05). The mean plaque index of smokers and non-smokers was 1.93 +/- 0.51 and 1.51 +/- 0.39, respectively. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between groups in the mineral content of saliva. In smokers, there were positive correlations between the levels of calcium, sodium, and magnesium and clinical attachment level. There was also a positive correlation between the level of phosphate and the percentage of bleeding on probing. In non-smokers, there was a negative correlation only between the mean level of sodium and plaque index (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study showed that no significant differences were found between the mineral content of saliva of smokers and non-smokers by the ICP-AES technique. It is a useful, fast, and sensitive technique compared to other techniques, and it can be advised for researchers while analyzing the mineral content of saliva.
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    Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Dentin
    (Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2009) Ercan, Ertugrul; Erdemir, Ali; Zorba, Yahya Orcun; Eldeniz, Ayce Unverdi; Dalli, Mehmat; Ince, Bayram; Kalaycioglu, Baris
    Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants on dentin bond strengths of composite resin applied with two different adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: One hundred mandibular third molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose midcoronal dentin. The dentin surfaces were polished with waterproof-polishing papers The specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups of 20 each. In group 1, the specimens were not treated with any cavity disinfectants and served as control. From groups 2 to 5. dentin surfaces were treated with the following cavity disinfectants, respectively; 2% chlorhexidine solution, 2.5% NaOCl, 1% chlorhexidine gel, 3% H2O2. The specimens were then randomly divided into 2 subgroups including ten teeth each to evaluate the effect of different bonding systems Dentin bonding systems were applied to the dentin surfaces and the composite buildups were created After the specimens were stored in an incubator for 24 h. the shear bond strength was measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The bond strength data were analyzed with one way analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD tests. Results: There was no significant difference between chlorhexidine gel and control groups regardless of the type of the bonding agent (p > 0.05). On the other hand, pretreatment with NaOCl, H2O2 or chlorhexidine solutions had a negative effect on the shear bond strength of self-etching bonding systems Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that when NaOCl, H2O2 or chlorhexidine solution Eire used as a cavity disinfectant, an etch-and-rinse bonding system should be preferred
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    Effect of different irrigant activation protocols on push-out bond strength
    (Springer London Ltd, 2015) Ekim, Sefika Nur Akyuz; Erdemir, Ali
    The study aimed to evaluate the effect of various final irrigant activation protocols on push-out bond strength of fiber post. Thirty-two single-rooted human maxillar central teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction, instrumented and obturated. Post-space preparation was performed, and roots were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 4) according to the final irrigant activation protocols; distilled water was used as an irrigant in group 1. The other groups were treated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA. Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI, no activation) was used in group 2. Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, group 3), EndoVac apical negative pressure (ANP, group 4), diode laser (group 5), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (group 6), erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser (group 7), and Er:YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS (TM)) technique (group 8). In all groups, fiber posts (White Post DC, FGM) were luted using Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan). The specimens were transversally sectioned, and all slices from coronal and apical regions were subjected to push-out tests. The data were calculated as megapascals and analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. Removing the smear layer increased the bond strength to dentine when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The highest bond strength was obtained in the PIPS laser-activated irrigation group (p < 0.05). Coronal root region presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical region (p < 0.05). PIPS laser-activated irrigation showed higher efficiency as a final irrigant activation protocol on push-out bond strength of fiber post.
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    Effect of Different Irrigation Activation and Condensation Techniques on the Marginal Adaptation of White MTA
    (Galenos Publ House, 2023) Türkyılmaz, Ali; Özbay, Yağız; Dinçer, Gözde Akbal; Erdemir, Ali
    Objective: To evaluate the effect of different irrigation activation and condensation techniques on the marginal adaptation ability of white ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Materials and Methods: Eighty single-rooted human teeth were prepared to a ProTaper Universal F4 file. Initially, the roots were randomly divided into four groups as follows: conventional syringe irrigation in group 1, sonic activation (EDDY) in group 2, passive ultrasonic irrigation in group 3, and Er:YAG laser in group 4. Then, ProRoot MTA was set with hand condensation or ultrasonic condensation techniques, and the adaptation ability of MTA was investigated using SEM. Results: EDDY activation had the lowest gap scores (p<0.001). No statistical differences were observed between the regions (p>0.05), and condensation techniques (p>0.05). Conclusion: The marginal adaptation of ProRoot MTA to root dentine increased with EDDY activation, and the marginal adaptation ability of the material was not affected by the condensation technique.
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    Effect of different irrigation activation techniques on irrigation penetration into the simulated lateral canals
    (Springer, 2023) Fidan, Mehmet Eren; Erdemir, Ali
    This study, in which a hundred human teeth with single straight canal were used, focused on the evaluation of contrast solution penetration ability into the simulated lateral canals activated by XP-endo Finisher (XPF), EDDY, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG laser systems with three different observation methods. The root canals were prepared up to X4 at working length using the ProTaper Next system. The teeth were decalcified and simulated lateral canals were created with #8 K-file at 2, 4, and 6 mm levels. Then the teeth were cleared using methyl salicylate and divided into 5 equal groups according to irrigation activation techniques (CSI, XPF, EDDY, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG laser). After the contrast solution was activated, images of the simulated lateral canals were obtained by a dental microscope, digital radiography, and CBCT. The contrast solution penetration scores at the 2, 4, and 6 mm levels according to irrigation activation techniques and observation methods were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance Bonferroni test post hoc comparisons. With the other 2 parameters are ignored, the highest and lowest contrast solution penetration were observed at 6 and 2 mm simulated lateral canal levels (p < 0.05), in Er:YAG irrigation activation and CSI technique (p < 0.05), and in direct visual and digital radiographic observation method (p < 0.05), respectively. Within the limits of this study, it was determined that the contrast solution penetration into the simulated lateral canals decreased from the coronal to the apical and achieved with the most effective Er:YAG laser activation technique. In addition, direct visual observation was found to be the best method for the assessment of contrast solution penetration.
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    Effect of different light sources in combination with a light-transmitting post on the degree of conversion of resin composite at different depths of simulated root canals
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Zorba, Yahya Orcun; Erdemir, Ali; Ahmetoglu, Fuat; Yoldas, Oguz
    Aim: ;The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of composite resin at different depths of simulated immature root canals using light-transmitting plastic post (LTPP) and three different light sources. Methodology: ;Composite resin was packed into 60 black plastic cylinders 12 mm in length with 4 mm internal diameters to simulate immature root canals. LTPPs were inserted into half of the simulated canals and the other half acted as controls. Both the simulated canals with LTPPs and the controls were divided into three groups of 10, and each group was cured using either a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH), light-emitting diode (LED), or plasma arc (PAC) curing unit. Specimens were sectioned in three horizontally 24 h after curing to represent cervical, middle, and apical levels. DC for each section of composite resin was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, and data were analyzed using three-way anova and Tukey tests. Results: ;At the cervical level, no significant differences were found between specimens cured using different light sources or between specimens with and without LTPPs (P > 0.05). However, DC was significantly higher in specimens with LTPPs than in those without LTPPs at both the middle and apical levels (P < 0.05). The mean DC of all specimens with LTPPs was significantly higher than that of specimens without LTPPs (P < 0.05). PAC unit showed lower DC than QTH and LED units at both the middle and apical levels; however, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: ;The results of this study suggest that the use of a LTPP increased the DC of composite resin at the middle and apical levels of simulated immature root canals, but that DC was independent of type of light source.
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    Effect of EDTA and citric acid solutions on the microhardness and the roughness of human root canal dentin
    (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005) Eldeniz, Ayçe Ünverdi; Erdemir, Ali; Belli, Sema
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of citric acid and EDTA solutions on the microhardness and the roughness of human root canal dentin. Forty-five human teeth sectioned longitudinally were used. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 30 teeth each and were treated as follows: (a) one molar (19%) citric acid (C6H8O 7) for 150 s followed by 5.25% NaOCl; (b) 17% EDTA for 150 s and rinsed with 5.25% NaOCl; (c) rinsed with distilled water and served as control. Three groups were then divided into two subgroups of 15 specimens each. The specimens, in first subgroup were subjected to Vicker's testing whereas the second subgroup underwent surface roughness testing. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Significant differences were observed in microhardness among the test groups, citric acid group being the least hard (p 0.05). Also, citric acid significantly increased surface roughness.
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    The effect of fibre insertion on fracture resistance of root filled molar teeth with MOD preparations restored with composite
    (Wiley, 2005) Belli, Sema; Erdemir, Ali; Özçopur, M.; Eskitasçıoğlu, Gürcan
    Aim To evaluate the effect of using flowable composite with or without leno woven ultra high modulus polyethylene fibre reinforcement on fracture resistance of root filled mandibular molars with mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) preparations. Methodology Sixty sound extracted human mandibular molars were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12). Group 1 did not receive any preparation. From groups 2 to 5, the teeth were root filled and MOD preparations were created. Group 2 remained unrestored. Group 3 was restored with a dentine bonding system (DBS; SE Bond, Kuraray, Japan) and composite resin (CR) (AP-X; Kuraray). In group 4, flowable composite resin (Protect Liner F; Kuraray) was used before restoring teeth with CR. In group 5, leno woven ultra high modulus polyethylene ribbon fibre (Ribbond, Seattle, WA, USA) was inserted into the cavities in a buccal to lingual direction and the teeth were then restored with DBS and CR. After finishing and polishing, the specimens were stored in 100% humidity at 37 degreesC for 1 day. Compressive loading of the teeth was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1). The mean load necessary to fracture the samples were recorded in newtons (N) and were subjected to analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey post-hoc test. Results The mean load necessary to fracture the samples in each group were (in N): group 1: 1676.75 +/-154.63(a), group 2: 376.51 +/- 37.36(b), group 3: 733.23 +/- 133.33(c), group 4: 786.48 +/- 145.34(c), group 5: 943.63 +/- 121.15(d). There were statistically significant differences between the groups annotated with different letters. Conclusions (i) Use of flowable composite resin under composite restorations had no effect on fracture resistance of root filled molar teeth with MOD preparations, (ii) use of polyethylene ribbon fibre under composite restorations in root filled teeth with MOD preparations significantly increased fracture strength.
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    Effect of several laser systems on removal of smear layer with a variety of irrigation solutions
    (Wiley, 2018) Ozbay, Yagiz; Erdemir, Ali
    To evaluate which laser system is more effective on smear layer removal when distilled water or combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used as irrigants. Ninety-six human mandibular premolar teeth were used. Standard access cavities were prepared and the root canals were enlarged using ProTaper system to size F4 and divided into two equal groups according to final irrigation solution. In Group 1, distilled water was used, whilst 2.5% NaOCI and 17% EDTA solutions were used in Group 2. Each group was divided into four equal subgroups according to the activation procedure. In Subgroups 1A (Control) and 2A, no activation protocol was applied. In other subgroups, Er: YAG laser using photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS; 1B and 2B), Nd:YAG laser (1C and 2C) and Er, Cr:YSGG laser (1D and 2D) were applied for the activation. Teeth were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Smear layer was scored at 1000x magnification in all thirds. The data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test post hoc comparisons. The samples irrigated with distilled water had greater smear layer scores when compared with the combination of NaOCl and EDTA (p < .05). The efficacy of smear layer removal increased when using laser systems (p < .05). Smear layer was removed more effectively in the coronal and middle levels compared to the apical level (p < .05). The sequential use of NaOCl and EDTA is significantly more effective than distilled water in smear layer removal. Regardless of the type of irrigant, laser activated irrigation enhances smear layer removal. Research Highlights The use of laser systems for activation of NaOCl and EDTA is the most effective method in terms of smear layer removal. Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming technique with Er: YAG laser was the most efficient smear layer removal method regardless of the solution used.