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Öğe The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Dogan, Battal; Erol, Dervis; Yaman, Hayri; Kodanli, EvrenEthanol which is considered as an environmentally cleaner alternative to fossil fuels is used on its own or blended with other fuels in different ratios. In this study, ethanol which has high octane rating, low exhaust emission, and which is easily obtained from agricultural products has been used in fuels prepared by blending it with gasoline in various ratios (E0, E10, E20, and E30). Ethanol-gasoline blends have been used in a four-cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine for performance and emission analysis under full load. In the experimental studies, engine torque, fuel and cooling water flow rates, and exhaust and engine surface temperature have been measured. Engine energy distribution, irreversible processes in the cooling system and the exhaust, and the exergy distribution have been calculated using the experimental data and the formulas for the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Experiments and theoretical calculations showed that ethanol added fuels show reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions without significant loss of power compared to gasoline. But it was measured that the reduction of the temperature inside the cylinder increases the hydrocarbon (HC) emission. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of various long-chain alcohols as alternative fuel additives on exergy and cost in a spark-ignition engine(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2022) Dogan, Battal; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Dervis; Yaman, HayriThis paper deals with exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of gasoline-hexanol and gasoline-heptanol blends as alternative additives were performed in a spark-ignition engine at a constant speed (1,600 rpm). Fuel cost rate, cost per unit of exergy for power, cost rate of total exergy loss, exergonomic factor, and relative cost difference were calculated. The lowest cost of the power acquired from the engine for G100, HEX20 and HP20 at 5 kW was $0.122/MJ, $0.656/MJ and $1.042/MJ, respectively, and the corresponding fuel cost rates were $1.07/h, $5.2/h and $8.26/h, respectively.Öğe Energy and exergy analyses of skipped cycle mode in a single-cylinder engine fuelled with diesel and natural gas(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2022) Tuncer, Erdal; Dogan, Battal; Sandalci, Tarkan; Erol, DervisIn this study, performance and exhaust emissions were examined experimentally at different engine loads (25%, 50%, and 75%) at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm using pure diesel before modifications and pure natural gas (NG100) after modifications. Furthermore, experimental studies were conducted under 2 normal-1 skipped cycle (2N1S) and 3 normal-1 skipped cycle (3N1S) conditions using pure natural gas as a fuel in a converted spark-ignition engine. In the present study, energy and exergy analyses were performed using the performance and exhaust emission values obtained from experiments. As a result of the energy analysis, effective thermal efficiency values of 39.46% and 34.37% were found in diesel and natural gas fuels, respectively, at an engine load of 75% without cycle skipping. It was observed that the effective thermal efficiency value reached the maximum value of 35.99% in case of cycle skipping in natural gas and at an engine load of 50%.Öğe Evaluation of the use of diesel-biodiesel-hexanol fuel blends in diesel engines with exergy analysis and sustainability index(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Erol, Dervis; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, Hayri; Dogan, BattalThe present research examined the usability of diesel-biodiesel and diesel-biodiesel-hexanol fuel blends as an alternative to diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted using the data obtained from the engine tests. In addition, the sustainability index was calculated. When selecting the most suitable fuel for diesel fuel, thermal and exergy efficiency and sustainability index values were compared. The obtained results revealed that the most suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel was the diesel-biodiesel binary fuel blend. In this fuel blend, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and sustainability index values are 3.8, 5.18, and 1.44 % higher, respectively, compared to pure diesel fuel at an engine load of 100 %. As the alcohol ratio in-creases in diesel-biodiesel-hexanol ternary blends, the sustainability index value decreases compared to diesel fuel. As the hexanol ratio increases in fuel blends, the sustainability index decreases. The highest sustainability index for ternary fuel blends is 1.26 at 100 % engine load in B45H10 fuel. The increase in engine load increases the sustainability index and exergy efficiency in all fuel blends.Öğe Exergy analysis of fusel oil as an alternative fuel additive for spark ignition engines(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Ustun, Suleyman; Dogan, Battal; Erol, DervisThe present study conducted performance and exhaust emission tests of fuel blends prepared using gasoline and waste fusel oil at full load and different engine speeds in a spark-ignition engine. Additionally, energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses were carried out using engine performance and exhaust emission values. In engine tests, the highest brake specific fuel consumption obtained was 433.12 g/kWh in F50 fuel at an engine speed of 3500 rpm. The brake specific fuel consumption of G100 fuel was 364.46 g/kWh at the same engine speed. Adding waste fusel oil into fuel blends was observed to reduce carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon , and nitrogen oxide emissions. According to the thermodynamic analysis results, an increase in the ratio of fusel oil in fuel blends reduces thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency. The ratio of fusel oil in fuel blends positively affects exergy destruction. The lowest exergy destruction was calculated as 16.47 kW in F50 fuel at an engine speed of 1500 rpm. As the fusel oil ratio in fuel blends increases, the unit cost of exergy of useful work of the fuel blends decreases. The lowest cost is 6.195 $/GJ at 1500 rpm in F50 fuel. The low pump price of waste fusel oil indicates its advantages over gasoline in exergoeconomic analysis results.Öğe Exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenviroeconomic evaluations of the use of diesel/fusel oil blends in compression ignition engines(Elsevier, 2022) Dogan, Battal; Ozer, Salih; Erol, DervisIn this study, experimentally investigated effects of fuel blends obtained using fusel oil and diesel fuel in different proportions on exhaust emissions and engine performance in a four-stroke, CI engine. The engine experiments contucted of two stages. Firstly, it was attempted to determine the maximum amount of fusel oil that could be added to diesel fuel. The blends obtained to this end were tested in a diesel engine, and it was observed that there was a maximum rate of 37% that would work without any problems. After blending 63% diesel and 37% fusel oil, the test engine does not run if the fusel oil ratio in fuel blends is increased. Afterward, experiments were performed at different engine speeds (1250-3000 rpm) in the full load conditions with the fuel blends created (D100, F5, F10, F20, F30, and F37). Additionally, exergy, energy, and exorgoeconomic analyses were carried out using engine performance and exhaust emission values acquired in experimental studies. It was stated that addition of fusel oil to fuel blends increased fuel consumption. If the engine ran at a speed of 2250 rpm, there was 17% more fuel consumption in F37 fuel than D100 fuel. In fuel blends using fusel oil, NOx, CO2, and soot emissions are lower in comparison with D100 fuel. In this research, it was observed that the addition of fusel oil to diesel exhibited a significant decrease in NO x and CO2 emissions but created a significant increase in particulate matter, CO and HC emissions. A parallel increase occurred in exergy losses in engine due to increase in fusel oil in blends. The highest exergy destruction was calculated as 22 kW in F37 fuel at 3250 rpm. As the ratio of fusel oil in fuel blends increases, the useful power cost and the cost of CO2 released into the atmosphere decrease.Öğe Exergy, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of a diesel engine using biodiesel fuel blends containing nanoparticles(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Dogan, Battal; Celik, Mehmet; Bayindirli, Cihan; Erol, DervisThe current paper investigated in detail the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles additives into biodiesel fuel obtained from cottonseed oil in terms of performance and emissions. The fuel blends formed by nanoparticles with biodiesel fuel were evaluated from a different perspective with energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses by utilizing the data from the experiments. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency increase when nanoparticles were mixed to the biodiesel fuel. Total exergy losses in fuel blends decrease with the nanoparticle additives. When the engine torque was 40 Nm, the total exergy losses for C100, CAg-75, and CTi-75 test fuels were 14.49 kW, 13.91 kW, and 12.17 kW, respectively. The total exergy loss in D100 fuel was calculated as 12.04 kW under the same conditions. The sustainability indexes for D100 and CTi-75 fuels at an engine torque of 40 Nm were 1.626 and 1.620, respectively. Due to the high price of nanoparticles, test fuels with nanoparticles have a higher cost per unit exergy for engine work than pure biodiesel fuel. Hence, it is essential to decrease the cost of nanoparticle production to expand the using of nanoparticle additives in biodiesel.Öğe Investigation on 1-heptanol as an oxygenated additive with diesel fuel for compression-ignition engine applications: An approach in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2020) Dogan, Battal; Cakmak, Abdulvahap; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, DervisStudies on alternative and environmentally friendly fuels for compression-ignition engines continue intensively. In this work, energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses have been conducted by evaluating performance and emission values obtained by operating with different ratios of 1-heptanol/diesel blends (Hp0, Hp5, Hp10, and Hp20) as novel fuels under a constant speed (1500 rpm) with different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and full load) in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection, compression-ignition engine. In the test engine, energy and exergy efficiencies and losses, energetic and exergetic powers, irreversibility, and destruction of the exergy for the aforementioned fuel blends have been calculated and compared with pure diesel fuel. In the tests, the highest fuel consumption was determined as 0.221 kg/kWh in HP20 fuel at 100% load because 1-heptanol has lower calorific value than that of neat diesel fuel. The energy efficiency values in different loads of diesel engine for all fuel blends (Hp0-Hp20) have been calculated to be as between 14.46% and 40.72% along with the corresponding exergy efficiency values have been found to be as between 13.43% and 37.79%. By performing emission measurements, the highest CO2 emission cost has been calculated as 66.94 USD/year at a 100% load in Hp10 fuel according to the enviroeconomic analysis. In this present research, by implementing the exergoeconomic analysis, the highest engine output power cost at a load of 25% has been noted to be at 1.6 USD/MJ for Hp20 blend. Sustainability analysis has been determined according to the SI index, and the highest index was calculated to be 1.6 at a 100% load for Hp0 fuel.Öğe A review development of rhombic drive mechanism used in the Stirling engines(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Erol, Dervis; Yaman, Hayri; Dogan, BattalStirling engines, unlike internal combustion engines, are engines that generate power by using any type of heat energy source. In these engines, air, helium, and hydrogen are generally preferred as the working fluid. In terms of environment, Stirling engines have lower NOx, HC, and CO emission. The drive mechanisms vary according to the type of the engine. Suitable drive mechanisms need to be designed to obtain high power output from the engine. This study chronologically examines the efforts of development in Stirling engines. Stirling, Ericsson, and Carnot theoretical cycles are compared and their theoretical efficiency is show to be equal. It is shown that the thermodynamic properties of working fluids used in Stirling engines change according to the temperature. The effect of the working fluids on the engine's performance is discussed. The drive mechanisms used in Stirling engine throughout the historical development is studied in details. Theoretical and experimental studies performed on rhombic drive mechanisms that are distinguished among the drive mechanisms used in such engines by their advantages are examined. The rhombic drive mechanism is firstly used in Stirling engines by the Philips Company in 1953. After this date, the applications of the rhombic drive mechanism in various engines with different characteristics were assessed in terms of performance by companies and researchers. The comparison with other drive mechanisms shows that rhombic drive mechanism is the most suited drive mechanism for beta-type Stirling engines.
