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Öğe Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Time Delayed Load Frequency Control Having Energy Storage Systems(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Saka, Mustafa; Demirci, Merve; Eke, İbrahim; Gözde, Haluk; Dursun, Mahir; Cengiz Taplamacioglu, M.In this paper single area fuel cell based load frequency control (LFC) system is examined. This system has a battery energy storage system (BESS) and flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Due to communication components, communication time delay is often occurred in the LFC system in practice. For this reason, this delay is added to system model. In order to improve the system performances, fractional order proportional-integral-derivative PI?D?) controller is used and it is tuned via recently developed Equilibrium Optimizer (EO). The present study, three different analyzes are performed. First, effectiveness of proposed controller and method are compared with the literature. Second, impact of variations of communication time delays are analyzed. Finally, the impact of changing of system time constants are examined. Obtained results are shown that system performances have been improved. In addition, the effects of variations in time delay and time constants on the system are shown comparatively. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Effect of Electrical Vehicles Participation Rate on Time Delayed Load Frequency Control(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Saka, Mustafa; Demirci, Merve; Eke, İbrahim; Gözde, Haluk; Dursun, Mahir; Taplamacıoğlu, M. CengizIn this paper, the participation rates of electric vehicles (EVs) connected to the power system in load frequency control (LFC) performances have been examined. In addition, different communication time delays (CTDs) have been implemented to system model (for both plant and EVs side) for obtained realistic results. The analyzes have been carried out for the proportional-integral-derivative controller having derivative filter coefficient (PID-N). In order to find optimal PID-N controller parameters, recently developed Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) technique have been selected and applied. The analyzes have been performed for various participation rate of EVs and the results have been compared with respect to overshoot, undershoot and settling time values. The contributions of electrical vehicles on load frequency control system performances have been demonstrated for two different cases within this study. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Inserting of heuristic techniques into the stability regions for multiarea load frequency control systems with time delays(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Saka, Mustafa; Sönmez, Şahin; Eke, İbrahim; Gözde, Haluk; Taplamacıoğlu, Müslüm Cengiz; Ayasun, SaffetThe design and optimization of robust controller parameters are required to improve the controller perfor-mances and to keep the stability of load frequency control (LFC) system. In addition, reducing the number of iterations and computational time is very important for swiftly tuning of the controller parameters and the system to reach stability rapidly. For this purpose, this study presents the inserting of heuristic optimization techniques into stability regions method identified in proportional-integral (PI) controllers space for multiarea LFC systems with communication time delays (CTDs). This method consists of two steps: determination of stability region for the system and application of heuristics. Stability region for the system is found via stability boundary locus (SBL) and moth-flame optimization (MFO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), sine cosine algorithm (SCA), slime mould algorithm (SMA) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) are inserted and applied to this region. In addition, a cost function having time domain specifications is developed for improving the performances of LFC and it is compared with the well-known integral error functions. Also, the robust stability region, which tolerates any system parameter and any time delay variation, is identified and the significance of this region is given for robustness analysis. It is observed from the analyses that better system outputs have been obtained with developed cost function. Steady state errors are minimized and transient state performances are improved with the proposed method. Moreover, desired system performances have been achieved with lower computational time and iteration number (approximately more than about 89% reduced according to classical approach) without deteriorating the stable structure of the system by the proposed method.Öğe Neural network based heuristic fractional order adaptive PID-controller for eliminating communication time delay in multi-area LFC(Wiley, 2022) Saka, Mustafa; Gözde, Haluk; Eke, İbrahim; Taplamacıoğlu, M. CengizCommunication of interconnected power system components with each other and with control centers is provided by using various communication links. However, these links can cause significant time delays (TD) depending on the types, distance and conditions of the communication channel. In addition to temporary time delays caused by the time constants of the components due to system failures, this article draws attention to the negative effects that may be caused by permanent communication time delays in particular, as different from the literature. The communication time delays can disrupt the stable operation of power systems and even cause the whole system to breakdown by making it unstable, when combining with other delays. In the study, the fiber-optic (F/O) links are assumed to commonly use in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and the communication time delays are calculated based on this scenario. However, it is no doubt that less used radio frequency (RF)-links will create more time delays. Moreover, to eliminate the negative effects of these types of time delays, a novel neural network based-heuristic fractional order hybrid adaptive proportional-integral-derivative (ML-H-(PID mu)-D-lambda) controller for multi area load frequency control (LFC) scheme is developed and analyzed.
