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Öğe A new peak-power estimation equations in 12 to 14 years-old soccer players(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2021) Gülü, Mehmet; Akalan, CengizThe aim of this study was to develop an age and soccer-specific regression equation to estimate the peak power of children aged 12-14 from the height of their vertical jumps using a large sample (n = 188). This study included 188 male soccer players (age, 12.6 +/- 0.55; height, 153.31 +/- 8.38 cm; and body weight, 43.65 +/- 7.58 kg). Their actual peak power values obtained from vertical jumps were recorded using a force platform. The body weights of the participants were measured using Tanita. A regression model was developed using body weight and vertical jump values. All data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS (version 21) statistical analysis program. A multiple linear regression model was used to generate the best estimation of peak power. In this regression model, Power = -1714,116 + [(47.788 * body weight (kg)] + [(58,976 * Countermovement jump height (cm)]. Actual peak power is highly predictable for 12-14-year-old football players. In line with the new model, the actual peak power values obtained in this study were close to the estimated peak power values obtained with the Tufano formula. This may be because of the larger sample size and the same branch used for both equation models.Öğe Acute effect of different doses of caffeinated chewing gum on exercise performance in caffeine-habituated male soccer players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Yıldırım, Ulaş Can; Akcay, Neslihan; Alexe, Dan Iulian; Esen, Ozcan; Gülü, Mehmet; Cirtita-Buzoianu, Cristina; Çınarlı, Fahri SafaThe ergogenic benefits of caffeine have been well established, but there is scarce research on its chewing gum form. The present research aimed to examine the effects of different doses (100 and 200 mg) of caffeinated chewing gum on muscle strength, vertical jump performance, and ball-kicking speed in trained male soccer players. In a double-blind, randomized counterbalanced, and crossover research design, 14 male soccer players (age = 22 +/- 2 y; body mass = 74.2 +/- 7.1 kg; height = 180.0 +/- 6.8 cm; habitual caffeine intake = 358.9 +/- 292.4 mg/day) participated in three experimental trials. In each trial, participants performed isometric handgrip strength, quadriceps and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test 10 min after chewing 100 mg (LCAF) or 200 mg (MCAF) of caffeinated gum or placebo (PLA). MCAF improved quadriceps strength (53.77 +/- 5.77 kg) compared to LCAF (49.62 +/- 8.81 kg, p = 0.048) and PLA (49.20 +/- 7.20 kg, p = 0.032). However, neither LCAF nor MCAF had a significant effect on the isometric handgrip and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test (all p > 0.05). These findings support chewing gum as an alternative mode of caffeine administration which can be used as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained soccer players, at least for quadriceps strength.Öğe ADÖLESANLARIN FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE MOTİVE EDİCİLERİNE İLİŞKİN BAKIŞ AÇILARI: KESİTSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA(2022) Gülü, Mehmet; Yapıcı, HakanAmaç: Çocukluk döneminde düzenli fiziksel aktiviteye katılım sağlıklı bir yaşamın sürdürülmesinin, yanı sıra kemik ve kas gelişiminde olumlu katkısından dolayı büyüme ve gelişmede oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı adölesan dönem çocukların fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını motive eden faktörleri incelemektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar Türk nüfusundan oluşan bir örneklem (n=550; %41.8 kız, %58.2 erkek) grubundan oluşmuştur. Katılımcılar sosyo-demografik özelliklerin yanı sıra fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonları ile ilgili soruları yanıtlamıştır. Katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite motive edicilerini belirlemek için bir fiziksel aktivite motivasyon ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 22.0 kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite katılım motivasyonları yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kızlar ve erkekler karşılaştırıldığında toplamda ve tüm alt boyutlarda bireysel nedenler, çevresel nedenler ve nedensizlik alt boyutunda erkeklerin fiziksel aktivite katılım motivasyonu kızlardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Aylık gelir durumlarına göre Fiziksel Aktivite katılım Motivasyon Ölçeği toplam skorları arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Aylık gelir durumuna göre toplam Fiziksel Aktivite katılım Motivasyon Ölçeği ve bireysel nedenler alt boyutunda gelir düzeyi çok iyi olanların fiziksel aktivite katılım motivasyonu daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Vücut kitle indeksi durumları ve fiziksel aktivite katılım motivasyonları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır.Sonuç: Adölesanların bakış açısına göre, fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını motive eden faktörler arasında “Kendimi iyi hissettirir, kendime olan güveni arttırır, beni çok eğlendirir” cevapları çoğunluktaydı. Adölesanlar arasında aktif yaşam tarzlarının benimsenmesini etkin bir şekilde teşvik etmek için eğitim kurumları merkezli eylem stratejileri ve fiziksel aktivite müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.Öğe Agility Skills, Speed, Balance and CMJ Performance in Soccer: A Comparison of Players with and without a Hearing Impairment(Mdpi, 2023) Yapıcı, Hakan; Soylu, Yusuf; Gülü, Mehmet; Kutlu, Mehmet; Ayan, Sinan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Aldhahi, Monira, I.This study investigates the differences in agility, speed, jump and balance performance and shooting skills between elite hearing-impaired national team soccer players (HISP) and withouthearing-impairment elite soccer players (woHISP). Players were divided into two groups, the HISP group (n = 13; 23.5 +/- 3.1 years) and the woHISP group (n = 16; 20.6 +/- 1.4 years), and were tested in three sessions, seven apart, for metrics including anthropometrics, speed (10 m, 20 m and 30 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), agility (Illinois, 505, zigzag), T test (agility and shooting skills), and balance. The results showed that 30 m, 20mand 10msprint scores, agility/ skills (sec), shooting skills (goals), zigzag, Illinois, and 505 agility skills, and countermovement jump scores were significantly lower among players with hearing impairments (p < 0.05). There were no significant T test differences between HISP and woHISP (p > 0.05). The HISP showed right posterolateral and posteromedial, and left posterolateral and posteromedial scores that were lower than the woHISP group (p < 0.05). Anterior scores were not significantly different between each leg (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the HISP group showed higher performance scores for speed (10 m, 20 m and 30 m), CMJ, agility (Illinois, 505, zigzag) and T test (sec and goals), but not balance. Hearing-impaired soccer players are determined by their skill, training, and strategy, not their hearing ability.Öğe BASKETBOLDA KOŞU MESAFESİ VE TEKNİK PARAMETRELERİN İLİŞKİSİ(2021) Gülü, Mehmet; Durmuş, TugayBasketbol, dünyanın en çok katılımcıya sahip spor branşlarından birisidir. Basketbolun gelişen ve süreklilik arz eden yapısı, literatürde birçok araştırmacı tarafından farklı boyutlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Basketbolda müsabaka ve performans analizi literatürde hızla gelişmekte olan bir konu başlığıdır. Basketbol, iyi aerobik ve anaerobik kapasite gerektiren bir branş olmakla birlikte teknik ve taktik kapasitenin devamlı olarak sergilendiği bir spordur. Basketbolcular, müsabaka süresince farklı fiziksel ve fizyolojik talepleri karşılamak ve müsabakanın gereği olan teknik becerileri uygulamaktadırlar. Bu araştırmada, 2020-2021 Amerikan Ulusal Basketbol Ligi (NBA) normal sezonunda mücadele eden oyuncuların müsabaka esnasındaki kat ettikleri ortalama mesafe, hücum ve savunmada kat ettikleri ortalama mesafe ve müsabakadaki ortalama hız değerleri ile ortalama sayı, atış yüzdesi, üç sayılık atış yüzdesi, serbest atış yüzdesi ve top kaybı istatistik kategorileri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamındaki oyuncuların müsabaka sırasında kat ettikleri mesafenin yanı sıra hücum ve savunmada kat ettikleri mesafe ve müsabakadaki ortalama hızları ile oyun içi istatistikleri NBA resmi istatistik platformu www.nba.com/stats internet sitesinden elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada 123 oyuncuya ait istatistiksel veriler arasındaki ilişki Spearman korelasyon testi uygulanarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalarda, müsabaka içinde kat edilen mesafenin artmasıyla sayı ve şut yüzdesi rakamlarının azaldığı saptanmıştır. Hücumda kat edilen mesafe ile üç sayılık atış ve serbest atış yüzdeleri pozitif bir korelasyon gösterirken müsabaka esnasındaki hızın artmasının top kaybı rakamlarını arttırabileceği saptanmıştır. NBA’de müsabakanın getirmiş olduğu yorgunluk ile birlikte atılan sayı ve şut yüzdesi azalmakta; hücumda kat edilen mesafenin artması ise üç sayı ve serbest atış yüzdelerini arttırmaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmalarda basketbolcuların fizyolojik kapasiteleri ile sezon istatistikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanabilir.Öğe Comparative effectiveness of 10-week equipment-based pilates and diaphragmatic breathing exercise on heart rate variability and pulmonary function in young adult healthy women with normal BMI – a quasi-experimental study(BioMed Central Ltd, 2023) Adıgüzel, Songül; Aras, Dicle; Gülü, Mehmet; Aldhahi, Monira I.; Alqahtani, Abdulfattah S.; AL-Mhanna, Sameer BadriBackground: The positive effects of Pilates and slow-controlled breathing exercises on health are examined in different studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 10-week equipment-based Pilates, slow-controlled breathing exercises, and a combination of both on heart rate variability (HRV), pulmonary function, and body composition (BC) in young adult healthy women with normal BMI. Methods: Forty female participants were assigned to either equipment-based Pilates group (PG), slow-controlled breathing exercise group (BG), equipment-based Pilates + breathing exercise group (PBG), and control groups (CG). Equipment-based Pilates exercise consists of training for two days a week and 50 min per day, and breathing exercises were done twice a week for 15 min a day for 8 weeks. In addition, PBG performed a 15-minute breathing exercise after each Pilates session. Pilates sessions were created with Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, Chair Barrel, and Spine Corrector. On the other hand, breathing exercises were based on a controlled 5 s inhale and 5 s exhale cycles. Results: Before and after the implementation, pulmonary function, HRV, and BC parameters were measured. The body weight and BMI improved in PG and PBG, and the percent body fat decreased only in PBG (p < 0.05). Both PG and PBG noted significant changes in HRV indices SDSD, SDNN, TP, HF, and LF. However, the RMSSD was recorded higher in only PBG. Similar changes were found in pulmonary parameters. The FVC, FEV1, VC, IC, TV, MVV, and VE im-proved in PBG. PG showed increases in VC and TV. The only changes found in BG were PEF and ERV. Conclusions: The finding highlights the ample effect of combined breathing and Pilates exercise on HRV, pulmonary function and body composition which has important implications for health promotion. © 2023, The Author(s).Öğe Comparison of obesity and physical activity levels of adult individuals by examining dietary habits with different parameters(2024) Uğurlu, Döndü; Yapıcı, Hakan; Ünver, Rafet; Gülü, MehmetAims: The aim of this study was to examine the dietary habits of adult individuals in detail at the level of different variables and to analyze these habits in depth in terms of obesity and physical activity levels. Methods: In the study, quantitative research methods and a descriptive survey model from general survey designs were used. The research group consisted of 704 adult individuals in Kırıkkale province. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was used in the study. This is a questionnaire that measures the eating habits of individuals. It was translated into Turkish by Kıraç et al. in 2015 under the name of “TFEQ” and its validity and reliability were proven, and its use in our country was ensured. The questionnaire consists of 18 items. The questionnaire measures the degree of consciously restricting their eating, the level of uncontrolled eating, and the degree of eating when they are emotional. The questionnaire also measures the level of sensitivity to hunger. In this respect, the questionnaire is related to obesity. Since the data were distributed as normal binary, they met the prerequisites for parametric tests. For this reason, an independent sample t test was used for pairwise group comparisons, and an ANOVA test was used for comparisons of three or more groups. In addition, if there was a significant difference in the ANOVA results, the Tukey post hoc test, one of the multiple comparison tests, was applied to determine which groups the difference was between. Results: It was found that men tended to eat when they were more emotional than women, and those who lived in urban areas, did not smoke or drink alcohol, did not have chronic diseases, had a good economic status, and did more physical activity per week had favorable three-factor nutrition levels. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that variables such as gender, place of residence, smoking and alcohol use, chronic disease, and economic status have significant effects on nutritional behaviors.Öğe Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on barriers to middle-aged adults’ participation in physical activity in Turkey: a cross-sectional study(IMR Press Limited, 2022) Gülü, Mehmet; Ayyıldız, ErdemBackground: Physical inactivity is one of the greatest problems facing the world today. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of barriers to physical activity for middle-aged adults during the COVID-19. Methods: Using an online survey, a sample of the Turkish population (n = 432: 48.6% female, 51.4% male; mean age 57.3 years) answered questions about sociodemographic characteristics as well as barriers to participation in physical activity during COVID-19 process. A scale of barriers to physical activity was used to determine the barriers to physical activity faced by the participants COVID-19 process. Since the data were homogeneously distributed across binary groups, independent t-tests and ANOVAs were performed for groups of three or more. In addition, if there were significant differences in the results of the ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test was also applied. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: According to the findings of this study, barriers to physical activity increase significantly as perceived health status decreases, and women’s barriers to physical activity, participation are greater than those of men, and increase with age. At the same time, the strongest relationship was found for environmental factors. In addition, important results were found for the personal and social environment dimensions, and we also found that barriers to physical activity increase significantly with age. Conclusions: Finally, we determined that the barriers to physical activity for individuals with COVID-19 were significantly greater at the personal level compared to those who did not have COVID-19. That is the COVID-19 process negatively affected participation in physical activity. © 2022 The Author(s).Öğe Eksantrik hamstring kuvvet antrenmanın sürat, dikey sıçrama ve esneklik üzerindeki etkisi(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2016) Gülü, Mehmet; Doğan, Ali AhmetBu araştırma 6 haftalık eksantrik hamstring kuvvet antrenmanının dikey sıçrama, sürat ve esneklik performansı üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, Kırıkkale Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören rekreasyonel etkinlik yapan 10 deney 9 kontrol grubu olmak üzere 19 erkek öğrenci amaçlı örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan katılımcıların ön test, son test ölçümleri alınmıştır. Katılımcıların 5-m,10-m ve 30-metre sürat, dikey sıçrama ve hamstring kası esneklikleri ölçülmüştür. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 17.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır ve katılımcıların test değerleri Wilcoxan İşaretli Sıralar testi ve Mann Whitney U testleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgulara göre Deney grubu katılımcılarının antrenman öncesi ve sonrası 5-m,10-m ve 30-metre sürat testi sonuçlarını istatistiksel karşılaştırmalarında araştırmaya katılan katılımcıların 5 metre sürat testi ön test ve son test değerleri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı (z=1.37, p>0.05), 10-metre sürat testi ön test ve son test değerleri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olduğu görülmektedir ( Z=2.49, p<0.05). Bununla birlikte katılımcıların 30-metre sürat testinde de ön test son test değerleri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olduğu görülmektedir (z=2.09, P<0.05). Katılımcıların dikey sıçrama yeteneği deney grubunda antrenman öncesi ve sonrası ön test son test istatistiksel karşılaştırmaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir( Z=1.07, p<0.05). Fakat kontrol grubu dikey sıçrama değerinde düşüş meydana gelmiştir (z=1.07,p> 0.05). Sağ bacak hamstring kası esneklik değerlerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir z=2.02, p<0.05). Bununla birlikte katılımcıların sol bacak hamstring kası ön test ve son test esneklik değerleri arasında da istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (z=2.02, p<0.05). Sonuç olarak eksantrik hamstring kuvvet antrenmanı grubu 6 haftalık antrenman sonunda 10-m ve 30 metre sürat performansına olumlu katkı sağladığı ayrıca uygulanan egzersizin hamstring kası esnek performansını geliştirdiği görülmüştür. Uygulanan egzersiz dikey sıçrama performansına istatistiksel olarak etki etmemiştir ancak ön test performansını koruduğu görülmüştür. Kontrol grubunda yer alan katılımcıların dikey sıçrama değerlerinde düşüş meydana gelmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hamstring, Sürat, Dikey Sıçrama, Esneklik, Kuvvet AntrenmanıÖğe INVESTIGATION OF HEALTHY EATING SELF-EFFICACY AND CONSCIOUS AWARENESS: A STUDY ON ADOLESCENT CHILDREN WHO DIFFER ACCORDING TO THEIR SPORTING STATUS(2023) Ayyıldız, Erdem; Gülü, MehmetThis study aims to determine the mindfulness and healthy eating self-efficacy levels of adolescents according to their sports status. For this reason, healthy eating self-efficacy scale for children and mindfulness scale for adolescents were used in our study. After the scale data were collected by convenience sampling method, homogeneity results and Cronbach alpha values were calculated. Then, the results of the study were obtained by MANOVA analysis. According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that the ones with the highest value are male adolescent students who do sports. In addition, it has been concluded that doing sports has a positive effect on female students both on conscious awareness and on healthy eating self-efficacy levels. These results show that doing sports can provide significant physical and psychological benefits for adolescents.Öğe Obesity among adolescent students in private and public schools investigation of awareness: a cross-sectional study(2024) Uğurlu, Döndü; Yapıcı, Hakan; Emlek, Büşra; Gülü, Mehmet; Doğan, Ali AhmetAims: The aim of this study was to examine the obesity awareness of adolescent students in private and public schools. Methods: The research is a quantitative study. The research group for the study consisted of 1393 private and public school students between the ages of 10 and 13 in Kırıkkale province. The first stage included a personal information form including questions about gender, age, BMI, socio-economic status, physical activity for half an hour or more per week, and daily food distribution. In the second stage, the Obesity Awareness Scale developed by Allen (2011) and adapted into Turkish by Kafkas and Özen (2014) was used. The scale consists of 3 sub-dimensions and 20 questions. Results: It was observed that there was a significant difference in the anthropometric characteristics, obesity awareness, nutrition and physical activity, BMI, daily food distribution, and socio-economic status groupings of private and public school children. It was seen that there was a significant difference in all other variables and sub-dimensions except body weight, BMI, and obesity total between girls and boys; there was a significant difference in all other variables except anthropometric characteristics of girls in private and public schools; and there was a significant difference in all other variables except the age variable of boys in private and public schools. Conclusion: The anthropometric characteristics, obesity awareness, nutrition and physical activity, BMI, daily food distribution, and socio-economic status of female and male students in private and public schools were significantly different from each other. In private school students, the highest correlation was found between obesity total and socio-economic status, while the lowest correlation was found between obesity total and the physical activity dimension. In public school students, the highest correlation was found between the obesity dimension and BMI, and the lowest correlation was found between the physical activity dimension and socio-economic status.Öğe Resistance Training to Muscle Failure with Variable Load Intensities: Implications for Post-Exercise Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Trained Men(Mdpi, 2024) Güngör, Ali Kamil; Topçu, Hüseyin; Aldhahi, Monira I.; Al-Mhanna, Sameer Badri; Gülü, MehmetBackground: The modulation of cardiac sympathovagal balance alters following acute resistance training (RT) sessions. Nevertheless, the precise influence of RT at varying load intensities on this physiological response remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the time course of recovery following low- (40%), moderate- (60%), and high- (80%) load-intensity RT protocols performed up to muscle repetition failure in resistance-trained men. Method: Sixteen young, resistance-trained men (mean age: 21.6 +/- 2.5 years, mean height: 175.7 +/- 8.9 cm, mean weight: 77.1 +/- 11.3 kg) participated in a randomized crossover experimental design involving three sessions, each taken to the point of muscle failure. These sessions were characterized by different load intensities: low (40% of 1-repetition maximum, 1RM), moderate (60% of 1RM), and high (80% of 1RM). The exercise regimen comprised four exercises-back squat (BS), bench press (BnP), barbell row (BR), and shoulder press (SP)-with each exercise consisting of three sets. Throughout each session, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP) parameters were assessed both pre-exercise and during a 40 min post-exercise period, segmented into 10 min intervals for stabilization. Statistical analysis involved the use of a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: It was observed that the 40% and 60% RT sessions resulted in a significantly higher root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) value compared to the 80% RT session in the post-exercise recovery process in 30 min (respectively, p = 0.025; p = 0.028) and 40 min (respectively, p = 0.031; p = 0.046), while the 40% and 60% RT sessions produced similar responses. The 40% RT session was significantly higher in the high frequency (HF) value post-exercise in 40 min compared to the 80% RT session (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that engaging in resistance training (RT) sessions to muscle failure at an intensity of 80% induces acute increases in sympathetic activity, potentially leading to elevated cardiovascular stress. For individuals with normal blood pressure, it is advisable to opt for lighter loads and higher repetition volumes when prescribing RT, as heavier-load RT may carry an increased risk of cardiac-related factors.Öğe The Effect of 6 Week Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Sprint and Jumping Performance(2021) Gülü, Mehmet; Doğan, Ali AhmetThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 6-week eccentric hamstring strength training on vertical jump and sprint performance. There were 19 male active participants in the study, of which 10 were in the experimental group and 9 in the control group. Pre-test and post-test measurements of the participants in the study were taken. Participants' 5-m, 10-m and 30- meter sprint, vertical jump were measured. The SPSS 17.0 package program was used in the analysis of the data, and the test values of the participants were analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. According to the findings obtained from the research results, in the statistical comparison of the 5-m, 10-m and 30-meter sprint test results of the experimental group participants before and after the training, there was no significant difference between the 5-m sprint pre-test and post-test values of the participants in the research (p> 0.05), there was a significant difference between the 10m and 30m sprint test pre- test and post-test values (p< 0.05). As a result, Nordic hamstring training small to moderately improved both sprint and vertical jump performance.Öğe The effect of 8-weeks of combined resistance training and chocolate milk consumption on maximal strength, muscle thickness, peak power and lean mass, untrained, university-aged males(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Yapıcı, Hakan; Gülü, Mehmet; Yağın, Fatma Hilal; Uğurlu, Dondu; Cömertpay, Ertan; Eroğlu, Oğuz; Kocoğlu, MelikeThe overarching aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of chocolate milk consumption (500 mL) with 8-week of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, body composition, and maximal strength in untrained healthy men. A total of 22 Participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups: combined resistance training (3 sessions per week for 8 weeks) and chocolate milk consumptions (include 30 g protein) Resistance Training Chocolate Milk (RTCM) (Age: 20.9 +/- 0.9 years old) and resistance training (RT) only (Age: 19.8 +/- 0.7 years old). Muscle thickness (MT), using a portable ultrasound, body composition, body mass, maximal strength (one repetition maximum (1 RM), counter movement jump (CMJ) and peak power (PP) were determined at baseline and 8 weeks later. In the RTCM, finding showed a significant improvement in the outcomes compared to the RT group, besides the main effect of time (pre and post). The 1 RM total increased by 36.7% in RTCM group compared to 17.6% increased in the RT group (p < 0.001). Muscle thickness increased by 20.8% in the RTCM group and 9.1% in the RT group (p < 0.001). In the RTCM group, the PP increased by 37.8% compared to only 13.8% increase in the RT group (p = 0.001). The group*time interaction effect was significant for MT, 1RM, CMJ, and PP (p < 0.05), and it was observed that the RTCM and the 8-week resistance training protocol maximized performance. Body fat percentage (%) decreased more in the RTCM (18.9%) group than in the RT (6.7%) group (p = 0.002). In conclusion, chocolate milk (500 mL) with high protein content consumed in addition to resistance training provided superior gains in terms of MT, 1 RM, body composition, CMJ, and PP. The finding of the study demonstrated the positive effect of casein-based protein (chocolate milk) and resistance training on the muscle performance. Chocolate milk consumption has a more positive effect on muscle strength when combined with RT and should be considered as a suitable post-exercise nutritional supplement. Future research could be conducted with a larger number of participants of different ages and longer study durations.Öğe The Effect of Combining Blood Flow Restriction with the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Strength: Randomized Controlled Trial(Mdpi, 2024) Pişkin, Necdet Eray; Yavuz, Gönül; Aktug, Zait Burak; Aldhahi, Monira I.; Al-Mhanna, Sameer Badri; Gülü, Mehmet(1) Background: It is a matter of curiosity what effect the blood flow restriction (BFR) method, which is usually combined with low-intensity resistance exercises, will have when used with high-intensity eccentric exercises. (2) Methods: The present study examined the effects of combining BFR with nordic hamstring exercises (NHEs) on hamstring muscle strength, bilateral deficit (BLD), and training volume. Thirty young female volleyball players, who trained three times a week, participated voluntarily in the study. These players were stratified into three groups, each comprising ten individuals: a control group (CG), an NHE group, and an NHE + BFR group. Hamstring muscle strength and BLD values were determined using an H-BORD device, while training volume was measured in terms of sets and repetitions. (3) Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in non-dominant and dominant leg peak torque parameters in the exercise groups (F = 2.65; p = 0.097; eta p2 = 0.17; F = 1.15; p = 0.0334; eta p2 = 0.084), while the total training volume was lower in the NHE + BFR group. (4) Conclusions: As a result, it was seen that adding the BFR method to NHE did not provide additional gains. However, due to the low training volume of BFR + NHE, it may be recommended to apply BFR together with NHE to athlete groups.Öğe The Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Concurrent Overweight/Obesity: A Narrative Review(Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Alkhamees, Nouf H.; Drenowatz, Clemens; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Gülü, MehmetBackground. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity present substantial challenges to global public health, marked by their widespread prevalence and associated morbidities. The ensuing complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, cancer, liver disease, and neurodegeneration, underscore the urgent need for effective preventive measures. Despite this, primary prevention of CVD in individuals with T2DM and obesity remains inadequate. Regular exercise emerges as a pivotal factor in ameliorating various cardiometabolic parameters, yet conflicting findings persist regarding the impact of exercise parameters (frequency, intensity, time, and type) on lipid homeostasis. Objectives. This review scrutinizes the effects of diverse exercise types and parameters on individuals with T2DM and concurrent obesity. A focus is placed on investigating the influence of exercise on conventional lipids, such as LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, total TC, and VLDL-C. The review briefly delves into the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced effects on lipids and lipoproteins. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results. Regular exercise is instrumental in elevating HDL-C levels while reducing TG, TC, VLDL, and LDL-C concurrently. Exercise mitigates CVD risk, lowers BMI, and enhances insulin resistance, depending on exercise types, volume, intensity, frequency, and duration. Conclusion. Future research must delve into the dose-response effects of real-world exercise programs to guide tailored interventions. This comprehensive understanding should inform clinicians and practitioners, empowering them to prescribe personalized exercise regimens for individuals grappling with compromised metabolic health.Öğe The level of the aggression in karate athletes with different handedness and belt grades(Mre Press, 2024) Alikhajeh, Yaser; Nabilpour, Maghsoud; Rahim, Gholam Rasul Mohammad; Ghollasimood, Mozhgan; Yağın, Fatma Hilal; Yağın, Burak; Gülü, MehmetKarate athletes with different lateral talents possess different functions in terms of skills and personality characteristics in a way that handedness can be considered an advantage. Given that there is a paucity of research in the domain of personality characteristics, handedness and belt grades, the current research aims to investigate the relationship between handedness and belt grades with aggression among karate athletes. 120 male karate athletes participated. To measure handedness, we used Annette's handedness questionnaire and to measure aggression, we used Bredemeier's aggression questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed among participants one day before the tournament. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to measure the effects of belt grades and handedness on the level of aggression. The results of the study indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the average level of aggression between left-handed and right-handed karate athletes. There was also no statistically significant difference in the average level of aggression between karate athletes with different belt grades.Öğe Three sessions of repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia improves sprinting performance(Cell Press, 2024) Birol, Abdulkadir; Aras, Dicle; Akalan, Cengiz; Aldhahi, Monira I.; Gülü, MehmetThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the impacts of three-session repeated sprint training conducted in normobaric hypoxia with 48-h intervals on sprint performance, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores. A total of 27 moderately trained male university students voluntarily took part in this study. In this single-blind placebocontrolled study, subjects were assigned into normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.6%; HYP), normobaric normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%; PLA), and control group (CON). The HYP and PLA groups underwent three repeated sprint training sessions (a total of four sets of five times 5-s sprints with a 5min rest between sets and a 30-s rest between each sprint) on a cycle ergometer in normobaric hypoxia or normoxia conditions. Pre- and post-tests were performed 72 h before and after the training period. Three participants were excluded from the study, and the data from twenty-four participants were analyzed. Contrary to what was observed in the pre and post tests, no time and condition interactions were observed in the relative peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), percentage of sprint decrement score (Sdec%), and RPE parameters. Time effect was found in all observed variables respectively; relative PPO (F = 5.784, p = 0.045, eta 2 = 0.74), relative MPO (F = 3.927, p = 0.042, eta 2 = 0.66) and large time effect found for Sdec% (F =11.430, p = 0.046, 0.83), and RPE (F = 14.990, p = 0.008, eta 2 = 0.96). A notable increase in relative peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) was observed in the post-test in comparison to the pre-test values, indicating statistical significance. The increase in PPO was in HYP 13.44% (p = 0.006), in PLA 7.48% (p = 0.264) and in CON 2.66% (p = 0.088). The decrease in Sdec% was in HYP -13.34%% (p = 0.048), PLA -10.54 (p = 0.577) and CON -4.83 (p = 0.644) at post-test. The results show that although there were no statistical differences between the groups, notable differences in performance-related variables were observed in the HYP group after 3 sessions of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia.Öğe YETİŞKİN KADINLARIN OBEZ OLMA DURUMLARINA GÖRE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE ÖZ-DEĞER TUTUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ(2022) Yapıcı, Hakan; Evli, Fatih; Gülü, Mehmet; Doğan, Ali AhmetÇalışmanın amacı yetişkin kadınların obez olma durumlarına göre fiziksel aktivite öz-değerler tutumlarının incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri çevrimiçi anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Yaşları 18-60 arasında değişen 422 gönüllü kadın, araştırmanın grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın verileri toplanırken katılımcıların yaş aralığı, eğitim durumu, medeni hal, çalışma durumu, Vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ) ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılım gün sayısı gibi kişisel bilgiler ile Huberty tarafında 2013 yılında geliştirilmiş ve 2019 yılında Yurtçiçek ve Kömürcü ’nün Türkçe ’ye uyarlayıp geçerlilik ve güvenirliğini yaptığı “Kadın Fiziksel Aktivite Öz-Değer Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin normallik dağılımını görmek amacıyla “kolmogorov smirnov” testi uygulanıp ve verilerin normal dağılım aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarının standart sapmaları ve ortalamaları alınmış, değişkenler arasındaki farklılığı görmek için T-test ve Anova testi kullanılmıştır. 18-25 yaş aralığında yer alan katılımcıların bilgi öz-değer ve duygusal öz-değer skorları, 26-60 yaş aralığındaki katılımcıların skorlarına göre daha yüksek olarak bulunmuştur. Ancak sosyal öz-değer alt boyutunda 26-35 yaş aralığında yer alan katılımcılar 36-60 ve 18-25 yaş aralığında yer alan katılımcılardan daha yüksek skor aldıkları bulunmuştur. Bekar katılımcıların bilgi öz-değer ve duygusal öz-değer skorları evli katılımcılardan daha yüksek bulunurken sosyal öz-değer skorları arasında farklılık bulunamamıştır. Bilgi öz-değer ve sosyal öz-değer skorları eğitim seviyesi ile birlikte artış gösterirken sosyal öz-değer skorları eğitim durumundan etkilenmemiştir. Fiziksel aktivite yapma oranı arttıkça her üç alt boyutta da öz-değer skorları artmıştır. Fiziksel aktivite ve obezite, kadınların fiziksel aktivite öz-değer skorlarının belirlenmesinde en önemli değişkenler olarak bulunmuştur. Fiziksel aktivitenin yaygınlaştırılması ve obezitenin önlenmesine yönelik programlar geliştirilebilir.Öğe YETİŞKİN KADINLARIN SAĞLIKLI OLMA KÜLTÜRÜNE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ(2022) Yapıcı, Hakan; Uğurlu, Döndü; Gülü, Mehmet; Doğan, Ali AhmetAmaç: Yetişkin bireyler tarafından düzenli gerçekleştirilen fiziksel aktivitelerin sağlamış olduğu olumlu etki ve faydaların, bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini ortaya çıkarmak oldukça önemlidir. Bu etkiler sonucunda araştırmanın temel amacı; yetişkin kadınların sağlıklı olma kültürüne yönelik tutumları ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubu yaşları 18-65 aralığında 544 yetişkin kadın gönüllüden oluşmaktadır. Veri iki bölümde toplanmıştır. Kişisel bilgi formu olan ilk bölüm, bu bölümde yaş, medeni hali, eğitim durumu, çalışma durumu, vücut kitle indeksi (VKI), haftalık fiziksel aktivite süresi değişkenleri hakkında bilgi toplanmış ve Sağlıklı Olma Kültürü (Healtism) Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler analizinde IBM SPSS 25.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların Yaş, eğitim durumu, çalışıp-çalışmama durumu, haftalık fiziksel aktiviteye katılım süresi ve VKI değişkenlerinde “bireysel eylemlerin eleştirisi” alt boyutunda farklılığın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Medeni durum değişkenin “Bireysel eylemlerin eleştirisi” alt boyutunda anlamlı fark tespit edilmiş, “yargı” alt boyutunda anlamlı düzeyde fark tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç: Yaş ilerledikçe iyilik halinin azaldığını ve sağlıklı olma ile fiziksel aktiviteye katılım yaklaşımının da azaldığı görülmektedir. Sağlıklı olma kültürüne yönelik bekar kadınların, üniversite öğrencilerinin ve üniversite mezunlarının farkındalıklarının daha fazla olduğunu ve fiziksel aktiviteye karşı tutumlarının yüksek olduğu çıkan sonuçlar arasındadır. Fiziksel aktiviteyi az yapan ve hiç yapmayan kadınların VKI değerlerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
