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    Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on glycemic control, blood pressure, in fl ammation, cardiorespiratory fi tness and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    (Peerj Inc, 2024) AL-Mhanna, Sameer Badri; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Aldayel, Abdulaziz; Alhussain, Maha H.; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola
    Background: Structured aerobic or resistance training alone seems to be a bene fi cial tool for improving glucose homeostasis, chronic systemic in fl ammation, resting cardiovascular function, and mental health in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available data on the effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance training (CART) on glycemic control, blood pressure, in fl ammation, cardiorespiratory fi tness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL) in overweight and obese individuals with T2DM. Methods: A database search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception up to May 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess eligible studies, and the GRADE method to evaluate the reliability of evidence. A random-effects model was used, and data were analyzed using standardized mean differences and 95% con fi dence intervals. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42022355612). Results: A total of 21,612 studies were retrieved; 20 studies were included, and data were extracted from 1,192 participants (mean age: 57 +/- 7 years) who met the eligibility criteria. CART demonstrated signi fi cant improvements in body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C -reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor -alpha, interleukin-6, CRF, and QoL compared to ST. These fi ndings highlight the signi fi cance of exercise interventions such as CART as essential elements within comprehensive diabetes management strategies, ultimately enhancing overall health outcomes in individuals with T2DM and overweight/ obesity.No differences were found in resting heart rate between CART and ST. An uncertain risk of bias and poor quality of evidence were found among the eligible studies. Conclusion: These outcomes show clear evidence considering the positive role of CART in inducing bene fi cial changes in various cardiometabolic and mental health -related indicators in patients with T2DM and concurrent overweight/obesity. More studies with robust methodological design are warranted to examine the dose -response relationship, training parameters con fi guration, and mechanisms behind these positive adaptations.
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    Impact of Exercise on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Leao, Cesar; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola; Abubakar, Bishir Daku
    Background. Sedentary lifestyles and insufficient physical activity contribute significantly to the rising global epidemic of obesity, fostering an environment where excess calories are stored as adipose tissue. Lack of regular physical activity and diminished cardiorespiratory fitness are key factors in the emergence of obesity-related illnesses, leading to cardiovascular and metabolic complications. However, the extent to which low levels of physical activity and obesity directly cause low HDL-C levels is uncertain, and the specific impact of obesity on reducing HDL-C as well as the associated risks are not well clarified. The influence of different types of exercise on HDL function is intricate and depends on various factors, including exercise intensity and individual characteristics. Objectives. This study aims to investigate the effect of exercise on HDL-C levels in overweight and obese adults, as well as review the mechanisms and pathways by which various exercise types influence HDL-C metabolism in this population. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Studies were included if they were published in English. Results. A sequential moderate-tohigh-intensity exercise regimen resulted in sustained or gradual improvements in HDL-C levels. For increased HDL-C levels, frequent moderate-to-high-intensity, long-duration exercise at an aerobic threshold in conjunction with body mass reduction and dietary modification is observed from the reviewed studies. Conclusion. Regular exercise can improve HDL-C levels in overweight and obese individuals. A combination of moderate-to-high-intensity, long-duration exercise at an aerobic threshold with body mass reduction and dietary modification is most effective. Overweight and obese individuals should engage in regular exercise to improve their HDL-C levels and overall health.
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    Impact of Heat Acclimatisation in Sports: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Gulu, Mehmet; Saffah, Faisal F.; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Abubakar, Bishir Daku; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan
    Background. The summer is a time for various sporting events, many of which occur in hot and humid environments. Heat exposure can have a significant impact on athletic performance and can even be fatal. Heat acclimatization (HA) is gradually exposing the body to hot environments to improve its ability to regulate temperature and function in the heat. Objectives. This paper reviews the physiological changes associated with heat exposure and the effects of HA on athletic performance. It also provides recommendations for minimizing heat-related illness and death in sports. Methods. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on HA and heat-related illness in sports. The search terms used included heat acclimatization, heat stress, sport, and performance. Results. Heat acclimatization induces a series of beneficial physiological adaptations that contribute to enhanced athletic performance in hot conditions. These changes include increased sweating, heart rate, and blood flow to the skin. Enhances thermoregulatory mechanisms, allowing the body to better cope with heat stress and improving sweat rate and electrolyte balance, aiding in more efficient cooling. Acclimatization results in increased plasma volume, reducing the risk of dehydration. Additionally, it promotes cardiovascular adaptations, enhancing overall heat tolerance. HA can improve exercise performance in hot conditions, making it a valuable strategy for athletes and workers in warm environments. Therefore, proper HA can reduce the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Conclusion. HA is an important tool for athletes who train and compete in hot environments. It can improve performance, reduce the risk of heat-related illness, and even save lives. Sports federations and coaches should encourage athletes to participate in HA programs. HA programs should include gradual exposure to hot environments, both with and without exercise.
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    Psychophysiological Adaptations to Exercise Training in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2024) AL-Mhanna, Sameer Badri; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Hofmeister, Martin; Drenowatz, Clemens; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Badicu, Georgian; Afolabi, Hafeez Abiola
    Introduction. Many COVID-19 patients display adverse symptoms, such as reduced physical ability, poor quality of life, and impaired pulmonary function. Therefore, this systematic review is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of physical exercise on various psychophysiological indicators among COVID-19 patients who may be at any stage of their illness (i.e., critically ill, hospitalized, postdischarge, and recovering). Methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2019 to 2021. Twenty-seven studies, which assessed a total of 1525 patients, were included and analysed. Results. Overall, data revealed significant improvements in the following parameters: physical function, dyspnoea, pulmonary function, quality of life (QOL), lower limb endurance and strength, anxiety, depression, physical activity level, muscle strength, oxygen saturation, fatigue, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), lymphocyte, leukocytes, and a fibrin degradation product (D-dimer). Conclusions. Physical training turns out to be an effective therapy that minimises the severity of COVID-19 in the intervention group compared to the standard treatment. Therefore, physical training could be incorporated into conventional treatment of COVID-19 patients. More randomized controlled studies with follow-up evaluations are required to evaluate the long-term advantages of physical training. Future research is essential to establish the optimal exercise intensity level and assess the musculoskeletal fitness of recovered COVID-19 patients. This trial is registered with CRD42021283087.
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    The Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Concurrent Overweight/Obesity: A Narrative Review
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2024) Al-mhanna, Sameer Badri; Ghazali, Wan Syaheedah Wan; Batrakoulis, Alexios; Alkhamees, Nouf H.; Drenowatz, Clemens; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Gülü, Mehmet
    Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity present substantial challenges to global public health, marked by their widespread prevalence and associated morbidities. The ensuing complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, cancer, liver disease, and neurodegeneration, underscore the urgent need for effective preventive measures. Despite this, primary prevention of CVD in individuals with T2DM and obesity remains inadequate. Regular exercise emerges as a pivotal factor in ameliorating various cardiometabolic parameters, yet conflicting findings persist regarding the impact of exercise parameters (frequency, intensity, time, and type) on lipid homeostasis. Objectives. This review scrutinizes the effects of diverse exercise types and parameters on individuals with T2DM and concurrent obesity. A focus is placed on investigating the influence of exercise on conventional lipids, such as LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, total TC, and VLDL-C. The review briefly delves into the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced effects on lipids and lipoproteins. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results. Regular exercise is instrumental in elevating HDL-C levels while reducing TG, TC, VLDL, and LDL-C concurrently. Exercise mitigates CVD risk, lowers BMI, and enhances insulin resistance, depending on exercise types, volume, intensity, frequency, and duration. Conclusion. Future research must delve into the dose-response effects of real-world exercise programs to guide tailored interventions. This comprehensive understanding should inform clinicians and practitioners, empowering them to prescribe personalized exercise regimens for individuals grappling with compromised metabolic health.