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    Effect of spraying Pekin duck eggs obtained from different breeder age on hatchability
    (Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2014) Onbasilar, Ebru E.; Erdem, E.; Kocakaya, A.; Hacan, O.
    The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spraying Pekin duck eggs obtained from different breeder age on hatchability. Hatching eggs used in this study were obtained from Pekin breeder flock. A total of 560 eggs were collected at 30 and 38-wk of breeder age at the farm. Ten eggs from each breeder age group were used to determine eggshell thickness. The other eggs for determination of hatchability and embryo development were stored for 3 d at 17 degrees C and 75% relative humidity. Eggs were incubated in the same incubator and turned from 1 to 25 days of incubation once an hour. On the 4(th) d of incubation, eggs were assigned to three treatment groups: control, spraying once a day ( Group 1), and spraying twice a day ( Group 2). Each group comprised 90 eggs which have been set to one tray each. Eggs of Group 1 and 2 were taken out of the incubator once a day and two times a day, sprayed with warm water ( 25-28 degrees C) and placed back to the incubator after 20 minutes, respectively. On the 25(th) day of incubation, all eggs were transferred singly into pedigree hatching baskets. On the 28(th) day of incubation, healthy ducklings were removed and sex and weight of the chicks was recorded. Fertility, embryonic dead and hatchability were determined. Egg weight increased ( P < 0.001) and eggshell thickness decreased ( P < 0.01) with increasing breeder age. Embryonic mortality was lower and hatchability was higher in sprayed groups than in control group ( P < 0.05) in eggs from 30 wks old hens. Increasing hen age increased the ratio of duckling weight to egg weight ( P < 0.001). Spraying of eggs affected the ratio of duckling weight to egg weight ( P < 0.001). Control and Group 1 were similar in the ratio of duckling weight to egg weight. However spraying of eggs twice a day with warm water from 4 to 25 days of incubation negatively affected the ratio of duckling weight to egg weight. It was concluded that spraying of duck eggs is partly linked to breeder hen age.
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    Effects of breeder age on mineral contents and weight of yolk sac, embryo development, and hatchability in Pekin ducks
    (Oxford Univ Press, 2014) Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Hacan, O.; Yalcin, S.
    The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of breeder age on egg composition, changes of embryo, yolk sac, and yolk minerals during incubation and hatchability in Pekin ducks. A total of 495 freshly laid eggs were obtained from the same flock of Pekin ducks, aged 28, 34, and 40 wk, and were reared in accordance with the management guide of the duck breeders (Star 53-Grimaud Freres). At each breeder age, egg measurements were made on a random subsample of unincubated eggs. Embryo and yolk sac measurements were made on embryonic day (E) 12, E16, E20, and E25. On d 28 of incubation, the healthy ducklings were removed and sex of chicks was determined. All chicks were weighed and hatching results were determined. Egg weight and yolk percentages increased; however, albumen percentages, shell thickness, and yolk index decreased as the flock aged. Shell percentages, shell breaking strength, albumen index, and haugh units were not affected by breeder age. Also, breeder age affected the Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, and Zn levels in the yolk, except for Na level on day of setting, and breeder age affected the mineral consumed by embryo during incubation. However, on E25, the levels of examined minerals, except for P level in the yolk sac, were not statistically different in duck breeder age groups. Relative yolk sac and embryo weights of eggs obtained from different breeder ages varied from E16 to E25; however, embryo length was different in breeder age groups from E12 to E20. Hatching weight was affected by breeder age and sex. Hatching results were not different among breeder age groups. This study indicates that breeder age is important for some egg characteristics, relative yolk sac weight, some contents of minerals in the yolk, embryonic growth during incubation, and duckling weight.