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    Interaction between nutrition and lead in children
    (2006) Hizel S.; Şanli C.
    Lead is a commonly found environmental toxic element that deteriorates health, especially that of children. Sixteen percent of daily intake of lead comes from foods, and 40% of that is due to adherence of dust on surfaces of foods during preparation. Low socioeconomical level and long-term malnutrition are the most important risk factors for lead contact in infant feeding. Decrease in calcium, iron, zinc and protein in the diet increases the gastrointestinal absorption of lead. Lead absorption can be decreased in children by adequate intake of calcium. Lead level in breast-milk is about ten percent of the blood lead level and it shows correlation with the blood lead level of the mother. Lead level in breast-milk of smoking mothers is twice that of non-smoking mothers. In order to decrease lead absorption, children should be fed with a diet rich in vitamin and minerals without skipping meals; milk and milk products enriched with calcium should be present in the diet and adequate iron should be included in the diet. It is necessary to follow-up the children at risk periodically and monitor blood lead levels regularly in order to develop early prevention strategies against lead intoxication.
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    Öğe
    Mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour concerning childhood cancer in a rural Anatolian province
    (2009) Hizel S.; Toprak S.; Albayrak M.; Sanli C.; Koçak Ü.
    Purpose: Cancer is a physical disease but it has mental and social components. It is usually perceived as an illness that suggests death involving feelings of guilt, panic, hostility, aggression, anxiety, loneliness, and helplessness. It was reported that 50% of the parents of cancer patients had psychiatric disorders and that 73% of these were depressive disorders. The main reason for the anxiety is the close association of the illness with death and a lack of knowledge about childhood cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes and anxiety level of mothers regarding childhood cancers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 300 mothers of children who presented to Kirikkale University, Medical School, Pediatrics Department and two health centers in central Kirikkale. Questionnaires consisting of 38 questions were completed by a research assistant by face-to-face interviews after permission was obtained from the mothers. The mothers' knowledge was regarded as good if 8-10 of the 10 knowledge questions about cancer were answered correctly, while 4-7 indicated moderate knowledge and 0-3 poor knowledge. Results: At least one cancer patient in their close community was known to 40.3% of the mothers. Information on cancer was mostly obtained from healthcare centers (20.7%), the media (35.3%), friends and relatives (10.7%), or both the media and friends and relatives (33.3%). The most widely known childhood cancers were leukemia and lymphoma. The rate of cancer screening among the participants was 7.3% (n=22). There was no significant correlation between having a family member with cancer and undergoing screening for cancer (p>0.05). The three main reasons for cancer were stated as smoking, food, and alcohol. The rate of smoking among the mothers was 57% and smoking was more common among mothers with less knowledge although this difference was not statistically significant. Twenty-three percent of the participants thought that cancer could not be treated. Mostly mothers stated that they would feel great sorrow and would experience great anxiety if they had a child with cancer. Only 22.7% of the mothers had sufficient knowledge about cancer. Anxiety on a subject exists when the level of information is inadequate. However, we found no correlation between the anxiety levels and the level of information about cancer among the mothers. Moreover, 71.7% of the mothers stated that they would not tell their child if he or she were diagnosed with cancer, while 7.7% said that they would not know what to do in that situation. Conclusion: The level of kowledge about cancer among the public is inadequate and thisresults in subjective value judgments, which directly influence anxiety levels. Therefore, parents need to be informed more extensively about the prevention and treatment of cancer to decrease their anxiety.