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    Management of Full-Thickness Nasal Defects
    (Springer International Publishing, 2019) Ipci, Kagan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Kopacheva-Barsova, Gabriela
    The nose is one of the most noticeable parts of the face, and reconstruction encompasses modifications that are not well hidden. The three-dimensional protrusion of the nose affords only small structural alterations to reduce any complications. Therefore, restoration of an imperfection is challenging due to the aforementioned reasons. Surgery consultation comprises of the malformation assessment as well as an open dialogue with the patient about any apprehensiveness or specific questions about the procedure or end result. Numerous features must be considered for the reconstruction process, including color, texture, contouring, and functionality. For small (<1.5 cm) zone 1 defects, there are multiple options. For large ones, a forehead flap is useful for the dorsal and sidewall subunits. For the sidewall, a melolabial flap is a good choice. Zone 2 defects may be complex to repair due to the nasal tip prominence. The skin grafting is difficult and mostly acquired from the forehead or adjacent area. Bilobed flaps, full-thickness grafts from the forehead can be used. For larger defects in zone 3, there are many options of reconstruction. The radial forearm flap is commonly used and is based on the radial artery and vein as well as some soft tissue. This method can be used to restructure the nasal coating or for a total reconstruction. In this chapter, management of full-thickness nasal defects is presented. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
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    A pastille combining myrrh tincture, peppermint oil and menthol to treat the upper airway
    (Deomed Publ, Istanbul, 2015) Oktemer, Tugba; Ipci, Kagan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Cingi, Cemal
    Myrrh and borax (combined in a tincture) can be used as a mouthwash. Myrrh gum is used to treat indigestion, ulcers, colds, coughs, asthma, lung congestion, arthritis pain, and cancer. Myrrh has been shown to exert analgesic effects on mice in which pain was induced. Myrrh is used as an astringent, antiseptic (to treat inflammed lesions of the throat and mouth), and antispasmodic to treat cancer and infectious disease. In this paper, we review the literature on myrrh tinctures, peppermint oil, and menthol.
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    The possible mechanisms of the human microbiome in allergic diseases
    (Springer, 2017) Ipci, Kagan; Altintoprak, Niyazi; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Senturk, Mehmet; Cingi, Cemal
    In the present paper, we discuss the importance of the microbiome in allergic disease. In this review paper, the data from the Medline (PubMed) and search engine of Kirikkale University were systematically searched for all relevant articles in June 15th, 2015 for the past 30 years. The keywords of "microbiome'', "dysbiosis'', "allergy'', "allergic rhinitis'', "allergic disease'', "mechanisms'' and "treatment'' were used alone or together. In this paper, microbiomes were presented in terms of "Definition'', "Influence of \the human microbiome on health'', "The microbiome and allergic diseases'', and "Modulation of the gut microbiota in terms of treatment and prevention''. Microbiological dysbiosis is also reviewed. The microbiome is the genetic material of all microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) that live on or in the human body. Microbes outnumber human cells in a 10: 1 ratio. Most microbes live in the gut, particularly the large intestine. Changes in the immune function of the respiratory tract are (at least in theory) linked to the immunomodulatory activity of the gut microbiota via the concept of a "common mucosal response''. The gut microbiota shapes systemic immunity, thus affecting the lung mucosa. Alternatively, changes in the gut microbiota may reflect alterations in the oropharyngeal microbiota, which may in turn directly affect the lung microbiota and host immune responses via microaspiration. Dysbiosis is defined as qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal flora; and modern diet and lifestyle, antibiotics, psychological and physical stress result in alterations in bacterial metabolism, as well as the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. All immune system components are directly or indirectly regulated by the microbiota. The nature of microbial exposure early in life appears to be important for the development of robust immune regulation; disruption of either the microbiota or the host response can trigger chronic inflammation. Dysbiosis is also an important clinical entity. Antibiotics, psychological and physical stress, and dietary factors contribute to intestinal dysbiosis.
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    Update on local allergic rhinitis
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2016) Altintoprak, Niyazi; Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Oktemer, Tugba; Ipci, Kagan; Birdane, Leman; Cingi, Cemal
    We here provide an update on the literature regarding local allergic rhinitis (LAR). In reviewing LAR, we have included an updated definition, classifications, mechanisms, comorbidities, and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for LAR, as well as the defined research areas for future evidence-based studies. LAR is a localised nasal allergic response in the absence of systemic atopy characterised by local production of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, a TH2 pattern of mucosal cell infiltration during natural exposure to aeroallergens, and a positive nasal allergen provocation test response, with the release of inflammatory mediators. The localised allergic response of LAR is an important topic for the study of allergies. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of LAR. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.