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Öğe Antileukotrienes in adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a review of the literature(Springer, 2016) Kar, Murat; Altintoprak, Niyazi; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Ulusoy, Seckin; Bafaqeeh, Sameer Ali; Cingi, CemalWe assessed the use of antileukotrienes for treating adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We reviewed the current literature on the anatomy of adenotonsillar tissue, adenotonsillar hypertrophy/hyperplasia (and the associated pathophysiology and symptoms), and the effects of antileukotrienes used to treat adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators produced by a number of cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, and monocytes. There are several types (e.g., LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4). By competitive binding to the cysLT1 receptor, LT-receptor antagonist drugs such as montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast block the effects of cySHLTs, improving the symptoms of some chronic respiratory diseases. High numbers of LT receptors have been found in the tonsils of children with obstructive sleep apnea. Antileukotrienes reduce the apnea-hypopnea index and adenotonsillar inflammation. Antileukotrienes may be useful for children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy due to their anti-inflammatory effects, which help to reduce adenotonsillar inflammation.Öğe Antioxidant activities of curcumin in allergic rhinitis(Springer, 2016) Altintoprak, Niyazi; Kar, Murat; Acar, Mustafa; Berkoz, Mehmet; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Cingi, CemalWe investigated the antioxidant effects of curcumin in an experimental rat model of allergic rhinitis (AR). Female Wistar albino rats (n = 34) were divided randomly into four groups: healthy rats (control group, n = 8), AR with no treatment (AR + NoTr group, n = 10), AR with azelastine HCl treatment (AR + Aze group, n = 8), and AR with curcumin treatment (AR + Curc group, n = 8). On day 28, total blood IgE levels were measured. For measurement of antioxidant activity, the glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in both inferior turbinate tissue and serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured only in inferior turbinate tissue, and paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activities were measured only in serum. Statistically significant differences were found for all antioxidant measurements (GSH levels and CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activities in the serum and tissue, MDA levels in the tissue, and PON and ARE activities in the serum) between the four groups. In the curcumin group, serum SOD, ARE, and PON and tissue GSH values were higher than the control group. Moreover, tissue GSH levels and serum GSH-Px activities in the curcumin group were higher than in the AR + NoTr group. In the azelastine group, except MDA, antioxidant measurement values were lower than in the other groups. Curcumin may help to increase antioxidant enzymes and decrease oxidative stress in allergic rhinitis. We recommend curcumin to decrease oxidative stress in allergic rhinitis.Öğe Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease and current treatment modalities(Springer, 2017) Sakalar, Emine Guven; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Kar, Murat; Cingi, CemalAspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) refers to the combination of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and acute upper and lower respiratory tract reactions to the ingestion of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) and other cyclooxygenase-1 inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AERD affects 0.3-0.9 % of the general population. AERD generally occurs due to abnormalities in mediators and expression of arachidonic acid biosynthesis. Local IgE responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins may also be responsible for eosinophilic activation in the nasal polyp tissues of AERD patients. Clinical features of AERD include the onset of nasal congestion with anosmia, progressing to chronic pansinusitis and nasal polyps that regrow rapidly after surgery. Aspirin desensitization, Leukotriene-modifying agents, biologic agents, management of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis are recommended as treatment modalities. Immunotherapy is prescribed only to those AERD patients who experience clear seasonal or perennial allergy symptoms in addition to the symptoms attributable to chronic nasal polyposis. There are also investigational and dietary therapies. In this review, the important aspects of AERD will be presented, along with a literature survey.Öğe Consensus on the methodology for experimental studies in allergic rhinitis(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2019) Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Bafaqeeh, Sameer Ali; Cingi, CemalObjectives: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by allergen exposure, which triggers immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes. Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common health problems and has a major effect on the quality of life. Methods: In this review, we aimed to provide a consensus for experimental studies on allergic rhinitis in terms of allergic rhinitis models. For this purpose, we searched for experimental studies in the PubMed, Proquest Central, and Google electronic databases over a 20-year period from the current time (1996-2016). The literature survey was performed using keywords including "allergic rhinitis", "experimental", "animal", "model", "rat", "rabbit", "guinea pig", and "mice" alone or in various combinations. The search identified a total of 285 papers, which were included in this review. Results: It is vital to select a suitable animal for an allergic model. Rodents like rats, guinea pigs, and mice can produce allergen-specific antibodies with the use of adjuvants. Rats are cheap and the vast majority of the allergen-specific antibodies are immunoglobulin E (IgE). Still, intraperitoneal sensitization is inescapable and adjuvants are required for sensitization. Rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs can be utilized for this reason. Conclusion: This review presented allergic rhinitis models in rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Using these methods, researchers may perform well-designed studies.Öğe Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on the Inner Mucosa of the Craniofacial Region(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019) Kar, Murat; Emre, Ismet Emrah; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Cingi, CemalObjectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) from the otorhinolaryngologic point of view. Methods: The authors searched Central Database of Kirikkale University Library, Google, PubMed, and Proquest and Google Scholar. Results: An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that vaporizes a liquid, generally including nicotine. Nowadays, e-cigarettes are used for smoking cessation or to reduce the consumption of conventional tobacco cigarettes. First generation ecigarette devices were similar to conventional tobacco cigarettes in terms of shape and size and expressed as "cigalikes." Differently from traditional cigarettes in which tobacco is burned to generate smoke, electronic cigarettes contain a tank filled with liquid. It was found that e-cigarette liquids contained different types of chemical compounds which were either previously known carcinogens or probably prove to be carcinogenic to humans in the near future. It seems that the use of electronic cigarette does not harm the oral cells. However, the use of e-cigarette for 4 weeks led to metaplasia and hyperplasia of the laryngeal mucosa in rats. Furthermore, eciagarettes produce some adverse effects on the nasal mucosa, supressing the immune system. Conclusion: It should not be considered that e-cigarettes are safer unless their effects on the mucosa of the ear, nose, and throat are more precisely clarified.Öğe Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Key Points for Safer Surgery(Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Alqunaee, Marwan; Manole, Felicia; Cingi, CemalObjectives: To review measures for safer functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods: PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, Proquest Central at K & imath;r & imath;kkale University, Google, and Google Scholar were used in the literature review. The search was performed using keywords of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, FESS, Safety, Image-Guided, and complications between 2000 and 2024. Results: Inflammatory and infectious sinus illnesses are the most prevalent indications for FESS. The 4 most common methods for FESS are endoscopic uncinectomy, maxillary antral ostomy/ethmoidectomy, anterior ethmoidectomy, and posterior ethmoidectomy. FESS has a complication rate of 0% to 1.5% for significant problems and 1.12% to 20.8% for minor issues. Sinus surgery outcomes can be improved and problems avoided with careful preoperative preparation. Powered instrumentation may enhance the severity of the problems rather than the number of occurrences. Intraoperative detection of cerebrospinal fluid leakage necessitates immediate localization and fixing of the leaking structure. The danger of infection increases and hospital stays are longer when investigation is delayed. In image-guided surgery, surgeons employ preoperative imaging data to pinpoint the exact position of a surgical tool concerning surrounding anatomical structures in real time. Although initially designed for use in neurosurgery, endoscopic sinus surgery has quickly become one of the most popular applications of this technique. Conclusion: Safer FESS can be accomplished with accurate CT scans, good patient preparation, surgical knowledge and training, and by using image guidance for endoscopic sinus surgery.Öğe How do different climatic conditions affect the quality of life of patients following septoplasty or septorhinoplasty?(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Susaman, Nihat; cetiner, Hasan; Cingi, CemalObjectives: The effects of different climatic conditions on the quality of life (QoL) of patients following septoplasty or septorhinoplasty were investigated.Methods: A total of 89 patients (47 males and 42 females) underwent either septoplasty or septorhinoplasty during the summer (summer group, n = 42) or winter (winter group, n = 47) season. To assess QoL, SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evalua-tion (NOSE) scale, and Visual Analogue Scale were used. Postoperative (PO) pain, bleeding, and symptoms related to nasal packing (eating and sleep problems) were also evaluated.Results: PO pain scores were lower in the winter group than that in the summer group ( p < 0.05). After pack removal, there was a slight serohemorrhagic nasal discharge in 2.1% of the pa-tients in the winter group, but no patient required intervention. Slight leakage was detected in 47.6% of the patients and 2.4% of the patients called for intervention ( p < 0.05) in the sum-mer group. The SNOT-22 values did not differ between the groups ( p > 0.05). NOSE scores in the winter group were higher than that in the summer group ( p < 0.05). In each group, SNOT-22 (padjusted< 0.175) and NOSE scores ( p < 0.05) were lower at 1 month after surgery. The winter group patients rated headache, facial pain, and nasal crusting higher than those in the sum-mer group did ( p < 0.05). However, nasal discharge and loss of smell were less troubling in the summer group than that in the winter group ( p < 0.05).Conclusion: Regardless of climate or season, septoplasty or septorhinoplasty increases pa-tients' QoL. However, problematic PO bleeding was detected at a higher frequency in patients who underwent surgery in summer. The advantage of surgery in winter is that it leads to less frequent problematic bleeding PO.(c) 2022 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by El-sevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe How should rhinitis be managed during pregnancy?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kar, Murat; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Negm, HeshamThe rhinological impacts on pregnancy include rhinitis of pregnancy, nosebleeds and particular tumours, e.g. pyogenic granuloma. These conditions have been written about previously. There are also case reports that have appeared from time to time, concerning how rhinosinusitis may interact with pregnancy. Pregnancy rhinitis is a condition in which the nose becomes congested in the final month or 2 months before delivery, but with no further indications of infection within the respiratory tract and no allergic response and with complete resolution in less than 2 weeks after giving birth. Diagnosing and managing rhinitis, sinusitis and nosebleeds in pregnant women is a particularly difficult task for ENT specialists. On one hand, disorders of the nose and sinuses, when not adequately treated, present risks to the quality of life of the woman and endanger the pregnancy, and on the other hand, data regarding the safety aspects from properly controlled trials are simply lacking. In this chapter, rhinitis during pregnancy is reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Olfactory function in patients undergoing hemodialysis as assessed by Sniffin’ Sticks testing(Verduci Editore s.r.l, 2023) Kar, Murat; Altintaş, Mustafa; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Cingi, CemalOBJECTIVE: This study evaluated olfactory function in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The evaluation utilized the Sniffin’ Sticks test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 56 individuals undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure alongside 54 healthy controls. The Sniffin’ Sticks battery was used to assess olfactory function in all subjects. The battery included 12 separately identifiable odors. A score below 6 was considered anosmia, whilst scores ranging from 7 to 10 were classed as hyposmia. A score of at least 11 indicated normal olfaction. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in scores between the two groups. The hemodialysis patients scored 9.12±2.77 compared to 10.72±1.94 in the controls. In the hemodialysis patients, scores for males and females did not differ significantly. Furthermore, there was no correlation between score and age, sex or length of renal failure. Some 12.5% of hemodialysis patients were anosmic, whilst 50% were hyposmic. The corresponding rates in the control group were 7.4% and 20.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Undergoing hemodialysis is associated with a decreased total score on the Sniffin’ Sticks battery, with anosmia in 12.5% of patients and hyposmia in 50.0%. Thus, olfactory impairment is present in 62.5% of hemodialysis patients. According to previous research, renal transplantation results in an improved ability to smell, depending on how plastic the neurons involved in olfaction are. © 2023 Verduci Editore s.r.l. All rights reserved.Öğe The Score for Allergic Rhinitis study in Turkey, 2020(Dergipark Akad, 2021) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Susaman, Nihat; Kucukcan, Nagehan; Kar, Murat; Altintas, Mustafa; Altin, FaziletObjective: This study aimed to determine how prevalent allergic rhinitis (AR) is in Turkey and to compare the current prevalence with the figures obtained 10 years earlier. Methods: This study included 9,017 participants. The minimum number of participants required from each center was determined via a stratified sampling technique according to regional demographic characteristics as ascertained from the last census. For each region, both men and women were administered the score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire and a score for each participant was calculated based on the responses supplied. Results: A total of 9,017 individuals (55.3% men and 44.7% women) took part in this study. Of these, 94.4% were urban residents and 5.6% lived in a rural setting. Of the men, 38.5% self-reported as suffering from AR. The corresponding figure in women was 40.5%. The overall prevalence of AR, as deduced on the basis of the SFAR, was found to be 36.7%. Comparing the prevalence in different regions, we found that AR was the least prevalent in the Black Sea region with a frequency of 35.8%. The highest prevalence was in the Mediterranean region, where the prevalence was 37.7%. There was no statistical significance in the apparent differences in prevalence between different geographical regions. Despite this, however, there was a clear increase in the frequency of AR over the preceding decade. This increase was most pronounced in the South-Eastern Anatolian region, where the frequency rose from 21.0% to 36.9%. Conclusion: Our results indicate that there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of AR in every region in Turkey over the last 10 years. This could be related to living conditions in urban environments. Alterations in lifestyle, urban living, air pollution causing impairments in immune defense mechanisms, and other aspects of modern lifestyles may account for the increase in AR in Turkey.Öğe Update on local allergic rhinitis(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2016) Altintoprak, Niyazi; Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Oktemer, Tugba; Ipci, Kagan; Birdane, Leman; Cingi, CemalWe here provide an update on the literature regarding local allergic rhinitis (LAR). In reviewing LAR, we have included an updated definition, classifications, mechanisms, comorbidities, and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for LAR, as well as the defined research areas for future evidence-based studies. LAR is a localised nasal allergic response in the absence of systemic atopy characterised by local production of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, a TH2 pattern of mucosal cell infiltration during natural exposure to aeroallergens, and a positive nasal allergen provocation test response, with the release of inflammatory mediators. The localised allergic response of LAR is an important topic for the study of allergies. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of LAR. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
