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    External Morphological Properties Of Atemnus Politus (Simon, 1878) (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones): A Scanning Electron 'Microscopy Study
    (AMER ENTOMOL SOC, 2020) Ocal, Ilkay Corak; Kayhan, Nazife Yigit; Ocal, Hilal Saglam
    Pseuodoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones) have been little studied, although they are the third largest group in the Arachnida in number of species. Pseudoscorpions have features resembling those of true scorpions. Due to their small size (the largest pseudoscorpion being no larger than 1 cm) systematic studies have proven difficult. A high-performance microscope is necessary for detailed studies. In the present study. the pseudoscorpion Atemnuspolitus (Simon, 1878) collected in Osmaniye province. Turkey. was used to describe systematic and taxonomic characters, including chelicerae, pedipalps, walking legs. and cuticular structures on appendages using stereo light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study revealed characteristic features of this species. This is the first SEM study of A. politus and provides an important contribution to understanding the morphology of pseudoscorpions and demonstrates the taxonomic value of SEM micrographs. Probable functions of some of the structures observed are discussed.
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    INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF CRUDE SPIDER VENOM OF Agelena orientalis ON THE BREAST CANCER CELL LINE
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Kayhan, Nazife Yigit; Ocal, Ilkay Corak; Akdeniz, Kader
    Among the venomous animals, spiders have the highest species diversity. In literature, it was reported that spider venoms contain many chemicals including proteins, peptides, polyamine neurotoxins, enzymes, free nucleic acids, monoamines, and inorganic salts. Since spider venoms are rich in molecular content, they can have pharmacologically important molecules. Even though the spiders have important species diversity, only few studies examined the venomous spiders. In these studies, it was shown that spider venoms have cytotoxic, anti-tumoral, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal effects. In the present study, the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of the crude venom of Agelena orientalis C.L. Koch spider on the 1837 breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and the mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) were examined. In cells treated with venom in cell culture medium, cytotoxic activity was analyzed using 3, [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1]-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide (MTT) test and apoptotic and necrotic cell death was analyzed by using Hoechst 33342 and PI double staining method. Moreover, the cell proliferation was examined by making use of real-time cell analyses system. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that crude spider venom had a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and fibroblast cells, and it induced apoptosis in these cells. It was also observed that the crude venom of this spider partially decelerated the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The present study is the first study reporting the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of A. orientalis spider's crude venom.
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    Investigation the Cytotoxic and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Crude Venom of Euscorpius mingrelicus (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) Scorpion
    (Istanbul University Press, 2022) Kayhan, Nazife Yigit; Ocal, Ilkay Corak; Akdeniz, Mustafa
    Objective: Since they contain various toxins that may influence various biological events, scorpion venoms raise new hopes for cancer treatments. It is thought that the bioactive compounds contained in scorpion venom could be used in cancer treatments in near future. Materials and Methods: In this study, different cytotoxic, apoptotic, necrotic, and anti-proliferative effects of crude venom obtained from Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) scorpions species were tested on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human lung carcinoma cells (H1299), and mice fibroblast cells (L929). Results: It was determined that the crude venom had cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 and fibroblast cells even when at low concentrations and the effect on H1299 was half of the effect on MCF-7 and fibroblast. It was observed that, as the dilution rate increased, the venom effect decreased, apoptosis and necrosis rates on H1299 decreased, and it had no effect on cell proliferation. With regards to the MCF-7 cells, apoptosis and necrosis rates were similar in H1299 cells. Conclusion: It was found that crude venom of E. mingrelicus scorpion played an effective role in decreasing the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, and more comprehensive studies are needed in order to determine the toxin that is responsible for this effect. © 2022 by the Author(s).
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    Observation on Burrowing Behaviour, Oviposition and External Egg Morphology of Gylippus (Gylippus) syriacus (Simon, 1872) (Arachnida: Solifugae: Gylippidae)
    (Inst Zoology, Bas, 2016) Erdek, Melek; Kayhan, Nazife Yigit
    The burrowing and oviposition of Gylippus (Gylippus) syriacus (Simon, 1872) are described. The external morphology of eggs is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Live females were collected from Sanhurfa and Mardin Provinces in South-eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey, and maintained under laboratory conditions. This species constructs elongate oval-shaped burrows in both natural and laboratory conditions. The yellowish-white orbicular-shaped eggs, ay. 1.125 nun in diameter, and the eggs' chorion surfaces bore truncate papillae.
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    Web Structure and Silk Spinning Apparatus Morphology of Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille 1806 (Araneae, Uloboridae) Spider
    (Hard, 2024) Ocal, Ilkay Corak; Kayhan, Nazife Yigit; Aktas, Ummuguelsum Hanife
    The web- building skills of spiders made them strong from the evolutionary aspect. Spider webs are used in hunting, building nests, setting traps, and movement. The structure of web architecture, that of adhesive materials being produced, and that of cribellate offer important clues in order to understand their hunting behaviors. Spiders have different silk -spinning apparatuses, allowing them to produce different types of silk fibrils. While some spider species rely on webs for survival in nature, others can survive without them. Even though basic taxonomic features remain constant, the silk -spinning apparatuses of spiders might be subjected to adaptive variations. In the present study, the structural organization of the silk -spinning apparatus and the web architecture of the web -maker spider Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 were observed by making use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The web structure of U. walckenaerius, the characteristics of the spinnerets, especially the posterior spinneret, and the arrangement of the spigots are reported in this study. Adaptations of the silk -spinning apparatus, which has provided an evolutionary success to U. walckenaerius, were also analyzed. It was determined that the web structure consisted of very fine nanofibers and, differing from other groups, there also were crimped silk fibrils.