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    Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ES beta L), AmpC and carbapenemase activities and colistin resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from food poisoning cases in Turkey
    (SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2020) Kizil, Sibel
    This study aims at detecting antimicrobial resistance properties including extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC, carbapenemase activities (imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem), and colistin resistance of isolated and serotyped Salmonella spp. strains from various foods (mostly chicken and chicken products) that cause food poisoning. The ISO 6579-3 (Kaufmann-White scheme) method was used for serotyping of Salmonella spp. and for detection of antimicrobial resistance with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as reported by EURL-AR. Inoculums were separated into EUVSEC and EUVSEC2 panels using the Sensititre AIM Automated Inoculation Delivery System. The results were monitored in a semiautomatic vision reader and evaluated according to EUCAST Resistance to 14 different antibiotics of 34 serotyped Salmonella spp. strains were examined in the first panel in this study. Most of these strains were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, colistin, nalidixic acid, sulfonamides, tetracycline, tygecycline, and trimethoprim. Nine of these agents (26.4%) were determined as single-drug resistant and 20 of them (55.8%) were determined as multidrug-resistant. Only 2 strains were determined to be resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime; however, BBL activity was not observed in the second stage of the analysis, in which EUVSEC2 panels were used. All the strains for carbapenemase activities were determined as sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem. Also, all the strains for AmpC activities were found to be sensitive to cefoxitin. The same resistance properties of the isolates were detected against nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. Colistin resistance was detected as 44.1%. Salmonella spp. strains isolated from foods that caused food poisoning were determined as multidrugresistant to antibiotics at a high rate. This study is the first one in Turkey that has evaluated ESBL, AmpC, carbapenemase activity, and colistin resistance of Salmonella spp., which was isolated from the food poisoning cases, by using MIC test (recommended by EURL-AR). In Turkey, antibiotics use should be avoided especially in chicken farms in order to prevent the increasing multidrug resistance of Salmonella spp.
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    Genotyping results of Salmonella Infantis as a food poisoning agent in Turkey between 2013 and 2017
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2020) Kizil, Sibel
    The aim of this study is to define the genotyping relationship between 31 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) strains, which were the most isolated and identified causes of food poisoning between 2013 and 2017 in Turkey. These isolated strains were studied with the DiversiLab System (repetitive sequence-based PCR; rep-PCR; bioMerieux, France) and traditional serotyping for the identification of S. Infantis was also carried out. Totally, 31 S. Infantis isolates were genotyped. DNA was extracted from each isolate using the Microbial DNA Isolation Kit as well as rep-PCR. The dendrogram shows the diversity of the observed samples contained in the library with 4 main clusters of S. Infantis (26 strains) being significantly different from each other with a similarity of more than 95% between strains. Furthermore, it was found that the cause of almost all of these cases originated from chicken or chicken-based products. Even though the isolated S. Infantis strains came from different geographical locations, after genotyping, their genetic profiles were found to be similar. This is the first retrospective study concerning the molecular characterization of S. Infantis isolates obtained from food poisoning cases between 2013 and 2017 in Turkey.
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    Investigation of antimicrobial resistance of ES?L, Amp-C, and carbapenemase-producing E. coli strains in retail poultry meats
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Guven, Gulcin; Kizil, Sibel
    Antimicrobial agents are used for suppressing some bacterial infections during the rearing of poultry. In this study; the antibiotic resistance properties of Extended Spectrum (3eta-lactamase (ES(3L), Amp-C, carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from chicken breast meat were determined by disc diffusion and E-test methods. Additionally, it is aimed to determine antibiotic resistance genes by classical polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this context, E. coli strains were isolated from 7 of 100 chicken breast meat (fillets) and identified by a rapid identification system (BBL Crystal). Disc diffusion test results of the isolates were evaluated and 100% to tetracycline; ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline 85.7%; ceftazidime, cefotaxime and meropenem 28.5%; chloramphenicol 71.4%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 42.8%; 14.2% resistance to gentamicin was observed. Test results of the isolates were evaluated and ES(3L activity was found in 2 isolates in the disc diffusion test. Amp-C and carbapenemase activity was detected in 6 isolates in disc diffusion, in all isolates in E-test; 2 isolates in disc diffusion were detected carbapenemase activity, while carbapenemase activity was not detected in E-test, respectively. Classical PCR was performed after the DNAs were isolated for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes. According to classical PCR results; ES(3L activity was detected in all isolates; carbapenemase activity was positive in only 1 isolate, while Amp-C activity was positive in 4 isolates. CTXM-1 (71%) and SHV1 (71%), OXA-1 (42.8%), CTXM-9 (28.5%), and TEM (14.2%) were detected by classical PCR, respectively. It has been concluded that E. coli isolated from poultry meat collected from the market may pose a risk in terms of ES(3L, Amp-C, and carbapenemase genes, and continuous monitoring is required in this regard.