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    Disentangling population genetic and climatic effects on skull size and shape of brown hares, Lepus europaeus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae), from Turkiye
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2023) Demirbas, Yasin; Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Stefanovic, Milomir; Smith, Steve; Suchentrunk, Franz
    Brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from Turkiye exhibit substantial phenotypic variation, assumingly connected to regional climate differences. We used general linear models (GLMs) of linear measurements and geometric morphometric data of dorsal and ventral skull and lateral mandible landmarks of 160 adult individuals from 75 locations across Turkiye, to specifically test for climate-related effects on skull size and shape, while accounting for potentially confounding effects of sex, geographic location, and population genetic assignment. We found a moderate positive correlation between individual condylobasal lengths (CBL) and centroid size scores (CSS) and used them separately as dependent skull size variables in our GLMs. Skull shape factors were obtained from principal component analyses (PCAs), separately for transformed linear morphometric and landmark data; they were also used as dependent variables in our GLMs, along with sex, geographic sampling coordinates, CBL or CSS, as well as temperature and precipitation factors from PCAs of local climate data as fixed factors. Our multivariate GLMs returned no climate effect on skull size and only one minor precipitation effect on geometric skull shape. Rather, skull size and shape were predominantly and significantly affected by the assignment of the hares to the genetic populations as determined by an earlier microsatellite study. Our results correspond to microphylogeographic differentiation of skull size and shape of the studied hares, largely indepedent of specific adaptation to local or regional climate.
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    Genetic Diversity of Populations of Bezoar Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 (Mammalia: Bovidae) with Different Phenotypic Characteristics in Karaman Province, T?rkiye, Using Partial D-Loop Sequence of Mitochondrial DNA
    (Inst Zoology, Bas, 2023) Senturk, Damla; Demirbas, Yasin; Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Soysal, Hakan
    The genetic and morphological diversity of the bezoars from two habitats in the Karaman Province (south-western Anatolia, Turkiye), i.e. camlica and Nunu Valleys, was explored. No previous ecomorphological and molecular genetic studies had been performed on these populations. Horn length differentiation and the sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region are presented. In addition, 87 previously obtained sequences of bezoar were included in the analyses aiming to determine both phylogenetic rela-tionships and population genetic structure of the Anatolian wild goats. A statistically significant difference between the horn lengths of 18 bezoar samples taken from two habitats were found. From the five D-loop sequences obtained in this study, two haplotypes were identified, one of them being a new haplotype found only in the Nunu Valley population. The other haplotypes were found in both bezoar populations studied as well as in some other south-western Anatolian bezoar populations (from the Mersin Province, close to Karaman). Phylogenetic analyses (Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees, Median-joining network) revealed eight Anatolian wild goat haplogroups. These haplogroups consisted of a common an-cestral lineage with 481-bp long (all over Anatolia) and a more recent lineage with 556 bp (only in Akseki, Mersin and Nunu Valley-Karaman). According to the results, it could be said that there are introgressive hy-brid populations in Nunu Valley, Karaman, as well as in the Akseki and Mersin Provinces. The findings also revealed that the morphological difference between the Nunu and camlica populations was due to different gene pools, which indicated the presence of introgression rather than phenotypic plasticity.
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    Spatial genetics of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) from Turkey: Different gene pool architecture on either side of the Bosphorus?
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Demirbas, Yasin; Albayrak, Irfan; Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Stefanovic, Milomir; Knauer, Felix; Suchentrunk, Franz
    We determined allelic variation at eleven microsatellite loci to study the effect of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles on the population genetic architecture of brown hares, Lepus europaeus, from Anatolia and Turkish Thrace in the southeastern most Balkans. The latter region was connected with Anatolia during periods of the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene (until ca. 8000 y BP) enabling natural gene flow. Following a recent mitochondrial (mt) DNA-based phylogeographic model that suggested unidirectional ancient gene flow from Anatolia to the SE Balkans, we expected lower genetic diversity in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia. The Turkish Thrace population might have been established only relatively recently as natural northwestward expansion of a long existing Anatolian population. Alternatively, it might have received late Pleistocene or Holocene gene flow by hares from eastern Europe from north of the Black Sea, even after the formation of the marine barrier. This might have produced a notable genetic distinction between the hares from either side of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. We found significantly lower allelic richness in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia, very little genetic admixture in the Turkish Thrace population, and only one allele at low frequency in Turkish Thrace that was not observed in Anatolian hares. On the contrary, many alleles of Anatolian hares were not recovered in hares from Turkish Thrace. Nevertheless, genetic divergence (Fst, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances, AMOVA) between the hares from either side of the current marine barrier was low (Fst values <10%). All findings accord to our initial hypothesis that the hares from Turkish Thrace represent merely a somewhat genetically depleted version of the Anatolian hares. Seemingly, no strong drift has occurred in the Turkish Thrace population since the break-up of the Holocene landbridge, and there is no indication of gene flow from other regions in (eastern) Europe into the Turkish Thrace population. Spatial genetic approaches and standard population genetics (BAPS, GENELAND, STRUCTURE, F-statistics, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances) indicated significant spatial genetic differentiation of hares across Anatolia, but also on a very low level. Overall, our results are concordant with the latest mtDNA based model of ancient gene flow in hares only from Anatolia to the southeastern Balkans across the Pleistocene and early Holocene landbridge; this implies that most or all of the Balkans have been colonized by hares exclusively originating eventually from Anatolia. (C) 2018 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.