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    Foundations of Social Sciences in Giambattista Vico
    (Beytulhikme Felsefe Cevresi, 2016) Onal, Sema
    Vico is considered to be the father of social sciences in the West. According to him, human nature is a social being. God has made the nature. God knows it best. Human is the creator of culture. As a social and cultural entity, he knows the world of culture with a certain knowledge. Cultures emerge and shape in nations. The first human creations that the cult has emerged are mythologies. Mythology gives examples of the concrete idea of the first people. It is necessary to look at the language in order to be able to examine it in the field of social sciences. Traditions, customs and social institutions are briefly reflected by the language. Language is a culture carrier. In Vico culture, state and civilization is a whole. Vico does not discriminate between material culture and spiritual culture. They produce each other alternately. The understanding of righteousness may change over time, according to the culture of every age and nation. So there are interchangeable relations between cultural objects. However, scientific knowledge of the cultural field can be obtained. Because, it is possible to achieve general principles derived from the unity of human nature in this area.
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    Vico and Herder's Ideas about History and Humanity
    (Beytulhikme Felsefe Cevresi, 2021) Onal, Sema
    Both Vico and Herder emphasized the importance of historical and social sciences by contributing to the history of science and philosophy: They accepted the active role of God in history. Vico and Herder talked about a collective history of humanity despite the cultural differences. They emphasized that there must be a different methodology than the modern understanding of science in which Enlightenment is effective. According to them, the measure of truth is not the design of our mind. The truth is a fact, it was created and transformed by man. They also emphasized the importance of poetry and imagination in terms of understanding the human spirit beyond reason. They revealed the value of the irrational side of man. For Herder and Vico, God is the principle of every existence and every reality. True knowledge is not possible without the thought of God. Non-devoted ones could not be wise. We owe our knowledge to observation, generalization and induction. However, all these abilities and their developments, which are revealed through reason, language and tradition, are the true state of God on earth. Religion exists in all nations. It is a common value for all people followed by the second one, humanity. This aptitude is human nature itself. Religion and humanity are hidden in the human soul, like the scheme of the sculpture in marble. Tradition, reason and experience bring these shapes out and remold them.