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Öğe Body weight and body measurements of male and female Pekin ducks obtained from breeder flocks of different age(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2011) Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Gurcan, I. S.; Poyraz, O.In total, 144 Pekin ducklings (72 male and 72 female) obtained from breeder flocks of different ages (37 and 135 wks) were used to evaluate body weight and body measurements until 42 days of life. Ducklings were leg-banded for individual identification after hatching and sexing. Body weight and body measurements were taken at hatch and during the 6 weeks experimental period. Time - breeder age and. time - sex interactions were found to be significant (p < 0.001). Growth model of female ducks was modeled with a three parameters logistic regression, whereas, male ducks were modeled with Gompertz model. At hatch, age of the breeder flock and sex affected all of the examined parameters however at slaughter age only body weight was affected. Male ducks were significantly heavier than female ducks at slaughter age.Öğe The Changes of the Body Weight and Some Blood Parameters of Pekin Ducklings Dependent on Transportation Duration(Medwell Online, 2008) Erisir, Z.; Poyraz, O.; Erisir, M.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.The effect of transportation on body weight and some blood parameters of hatching Pekin ducklings were investigated. A total of 500 (250 male, 250 female) 1 day-old ducklings (Star 52-Grimaud Freres) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Upon hatching and on the 4, 8 and 12 h of the transportation, each duckling was weighed to determine their body weights. Before transportation and on the 4, 8 and 12 h of the transportation, necks of 10 male and 10 female ducklings were broken and blood samples were taken. Plasma corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, AST (Aspartate transaminase), CK (Creatine kinase), total protein, albumin levels and blood H/L (heterophile/lymphocyte) ratios were determined. The body weights, which were 46.1 and 45.7 g for hatching male and female ducklings, fell down to 41.3 and 41.5 g at the end of transportation. During transportation, a total of 4 ducklings died; 1 male and 1 female on the 8 h, 1 male and 1 female on the 12 h. Plasma glucose levels of ducklings decreased up to 8 h of transportation, but increased at 12 h. Plasma corticosterone, cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, total protein, albumin levels and blood H/L ratios increased in transported ducklings due to increasing transportation time.Öğe Economic comparison of unenriched and alternative cage systems used in laying hen husbandry - recent experience under Turkish commercial conditions(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Aral, Y.; Arikan, M. S.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Unal, N.; Gokdai, A.; Erdem, E.This review provides a comparative analysis on the unenriched and alternative cage systems used in commercial egg production as required by the directive (99/74/EC) of the EU Council on animal welfare in terms of technical performance indicators, distribution of cost items, egg sales revenue, and profitability. Unenriched (conventional) cages are commonly used in Turkey. However these cages don't provide for the laying hens natural needs. The comparison was taken from data regarding Lohmann Brown Classic and Lohmann LSL Classic laying hybrids kept in two caging systems. The rearing period was composed of 399 days starting when 16-week-old commercial pullets were put into unenriched and alternative cage systems and ending at the end of their 73rd weeks of age when laying hens were removed from production. The average shares of the some important cost items in the total cost in the production period were calculated to be as follows for unenriched and alternative cage systems, respectively: pullet 22.17% and 21.17%; feed 61.31% and 58.29%; labour 2.67% and 2.55%; veterinary and health 0.74% and 0.98%; egg packaging 3.23% and 3.48%; maintenance and repair expenses 1.50% and 2.29%; and depreciation costs 5.48% and 8.35%. The average cost of producing one egg was found to be 0.094 US$ and 0.097 US $, respectively. It was determined that investment costs in alternative cage systems was 14.93% higher and the production cost per hen was 2.03% higher than that in unenriched cage systems. In Turkey, on January 1, 2023, all systems will be converted to alternative cages. Investment amounts and production costs for the alternative cage systems are very important in this transformation process. Therefore the present review is to examine the available information on the production data of laying hens reared in the unenriched and alternative cages and to make economic feasibility conclusions under Turkey conditions.Öğe Effects of breeder age on mineral contents and weight of yolk sac, embryo development, and hatchability in Pekin ducks(Oxford Univ Press, 2014) Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Hacan, O.; Yalcin, S.The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of breeder age on egg composition, changes of embryo, yolk sac, and yolk minerals during incubation and hatchability in Pekin ducks. A total of 495 freshly laid eggs were obtained from the same flock of Pekin ducks, aged 28, 34, and 40 wk, and were reared in accordance with the management guide of the duck breeders (Star 53-Grimaud Freres). At each breeder age, egg measurements were made on a random subsample of unincubated eggs. Embryo and yolk sac measurements were made on embryonic day (E) 12, E16, E20, and E25. On d 28 of incubation, the healthy ducklings were removed and sex of chicks was determined. All chicks were weighed and hatching results were determined. Egg weight and yolk percentages increased; however, albumen percentages, shell thickness, and yolk index decreased as the flock aged. Shell percentages, shell breaking strength, albumen index, and haugh units were not affected by breeder age. Also, breeder age affected the Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, and Zn levels in the yolk, except for Na level on day of setting, and breeder age affected the mineral consumed by embryo during incubation. However, on E25, the levels of examined minerals, except for P level in the yolk sac, were not statistically different in duck breeder age groups. Relative yolk sac and embryo weights of eggs obtained from different breeder ages varied from E16 to E25; however, embryo length was different in breeder age groups from E12 to E20. Hatching weight was affected by breeder age and sex. Hatching results were not different among breeder age groups. This study indicates that breeder age is important for some egg characteristics, relative yolk sac weight, some contents of minerals in the yolk, embryonic growth during incubation, and duckling weight.Öğe Effects of Housing System, Swimming Pool and Slaughter Age on Duck Performance, Carcass and Meat Characteristics(Medwell Online, 2009) Erisir, Z.; Poyraz, O.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Oksuztepe, G. A.The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different housing systems, swimming pool and slaughter age on performance, carcass and meat characteristics of ducks. A total of 420 (212 male, 208 female) one day old ducklings (Star 52-Grimaud Freres) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The ducklings were randomly divided into four treatment groups; two Intensive Systems (IS) (one without pool and the other with swimming pool) and two intensive systems with outside activity (IOS) (one with swimming pool and the other without pool). Each group included 105 (53 male and 52 female) ducklings. European Efficiency Factor (EEF), feed efficiency and livability rate were affected by the housing system, swimming pool and age. Housing system and slaughter age significantly affected the slaughter weight and cold carcass yield. Breast, legs and wings percentages were significantly affected by slaughter age. PH(24), cooking loss, ash, protein and lipid contents of leg muscle were significantly altered by age. PH(24), ash, protein and lipid contents increased while, the cooking loss decreased with age. Housing system had no effect on the carcass chemical composition. From the point of EEF the market age of Pekin ducks at 6 weeks is more beneficial due to the better feed efficiency, lower feed intake and lower feed cost. Open sided area and swimming pool enhanced the EEF.Öğe Influence of lighting periods and stocking densities on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2008) Onbasilar, E. E.; Poyraz, O.; Erdem, E.; Özturk, H.This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lighting and stocking density on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters (H-L ratio, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, tonic immobility test (TI), antibody production, relative asymmetry (RA) and external appearances). Four hundred and seventy day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The chicks were randomly distributed into two light proof controlled rooms. In one room the lighting period remained at continuous lighting (24 L: OD) during the whole experiment, while in the other room the photoperiod was 16 h light and 8 h dark per day. Each lighting group was divided into two stocking density groups (11.9 b/m(2) (average 29.9 kg of BW/m(2)) and 17.5 b/m(2) (average 40.7 kg of BW/m(2))) with 5 replications per group. Lighting program did not influence slaughter weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed to gain ratio, carcass characteristics, percentage of abdominal fat, heart, gizzard, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius, RA of metatarsus length, RA of tarsometatarsus length and thickness, mean RA, claw length, foot health, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels anti-SRBC and anti NDV titers. TI duration (p < 0.001), feather condition (p < 0.001) and H-L ratio (p < 0.05) of broilers were significantly different in lighting groups. TI duration was 255 and 431 s, feather condition was 16.3 and 14.5 and H-L ratio was 1.0 and 1.2 in broilers exposed to 16L:8D lighting program and 24L:OD lighting program, respectively. Stocking density influenced final body weight (p < 0.001), body weight gain (p < 0.001), feed consumption (p < 0.05) and feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05). Final body weight was 2515 and 2326 g, feed consumption was 3829 and 3662 g and feed to gain ratio was found 1.55 and 1.61 g/g in broilers reared at 11.9 b/m(2) and 17.5 b/m(2), respectively. Feather condition (p < 0.001) and foot health (p < 0.01) were significantly different in stocking density groups. Feather condition was 16.5 and 14.3 and foot health was 3.6 and 3.0 in broilers reared at 11.9 and 17.5 b/m(2), respectively. Percentage of heart (p < 0.05), TI duration (p < 0.001), H-L ratio (p < 0.001), serum glucose (p < 0.001) and serum cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) were statistically higher in broilers reared at 17.5 b/m(2) than in broilers reared at 11.9 b/m(2). In conclusion darkness period and stocking density play an important role in modern broiler rearing.Öğe Production performance, use of nest box, and external appearance of two strains of laying hens kept in conventional and enriched cages(Oxford Univ Press, 2015) Onbasilar, E. E.; Unal, N.; Erdem, E.; Kocakaya, A.; Yaranoglu, B.The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in production performance, use of nest box, and external appearance of 2 strains of laying hens kept in conventional and enriched cages. Lohmann Brown Classic (LB, n = 532) and Lohmann LSL Classic (LW, n = 532) hens were housed from 16 to 73 wk in either conventional cages or enriched cages. Enriched cages had a nesting area, scratch pad, perch, and nail shortener. Body weight (BW), hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cracked and dirty eggs, use of nest box for lay, and external appearance were determined. Laying period influenced the hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Cage type affected the hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio, while strain affected the egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Laying period x cage type and laying period x strain interactions affected egg production, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio. Both strains preferred to lay in the nest box. Percentages of cracked and dirty eggs of LW hens in enriched cages were higher than that in conventional cages. Most of the dirty eggs laid by both strains were found outside of the nest box. The LW hens laid more dirty eggs than the LB hens. Cage type and cage type x strain interaction were important for total feather score. Final claw length was affected by cage type, strain, and cage type x strain interaction. This study suggests that cage type, strain, and also cage type x strain and period x strain interactions should be considered when alternative housing systems are used.
