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    Optical coherence tomography neurodegenerative findings in patients with bipolar disorder
    (WILEY, 2020) Gokcinar, Nesrin Buyuktortop; Buturak, Sadiye Visal; Ozkal, Fatma; Ozcicek, Gamze; Yumusak, Mehmet Erhan; Turgal, Ebru
    Introduction Neuroimaging studies of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have recently revealed neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the retina, as an extension of brain, may be a biomarker in understanding the neurobiology of the disease. To assess OCT as a tool to detect neurodegeneration in BD we compared the retinal changes between patients with BD and healthy individuals. Methods We performed complete ophthalmological examinations and took OCT images for 70 eyes of 70 patients with BD, and for age and sex-matched individual controls. We compared retinal nerve fiber layers (RNFLs) and total retinal (TR) thickness in the peripapillary areas; and ganglion cell complexes (GCCs) and TR thickness in the maculas between the groups. Results The mean age of the patients was 40.41 +/- 13.22 years and that of the controls 40.20 +/- 13.03 years. The men/women ratios were 37/33 in both groups. BD was significantly associated with a decrease in the average peripapillary RNFL, with the average peripapillary TR, and with the average GCC thickness (P = .033, P = .008, and P = .009, respectively). The peripapillary RNFL and TR thinnings were prominent in the superior (P = .039, P = .033, respectively) and inferior quadrants (P = .031, P = .018, respectively). The BD effects on GCC thinning was prominent in the superior half (P = .001) and in the nasal sectors (except in the inner superonasal sector; all P < .05). BD was associated with a decrease in macular TR thickness only at the inner superior sector (P = .014). Disease duration was inversely correlated with the peripapillary RNFL, TR, and macular GCC thicknesses (P < .05). Discussion Our findings support the neurodegeneration hypothesis in the etiopathogenesis of BD. OCT, a non-invasive neuro-imaging method, may be useful for BD diagnosis and follow-ups.
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    The relationship between self-stigma due to seeking psychological help and social/cultural intelligence in medical students
    (Yerkure Tanitim & Yayincilik Hizmetleri A S, 2016) Cakan, Ergul; Buturak, Sadiye Visal; Ozcicek, Gamze; Kocak, Orhan Murat; Rezaki, Hatice Ozdemir; Ozpolat, Ayse Gul Yilmaz; Oguzturk, Omer
    Objective: In this study it was aimed to investigate the relationship between social and cultural intelligence and self-stigma that was defined as a hallmark of shame, disgrace or disapproval by World Health Organization. Method: Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), Cultural Intelligence Scale (CIS), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSS) and Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help Scale (SSPHS) were applied to the 1st, 4th, and 6th grade medical students who agreed to participate in the study. Results: Significantly positive corelation between SSPHS scores and LSAS scores, negative correlation between SSPHS scores and TSIS, CIC scores were found in this study. Furthermore, it was found that TSIS scores were predicting the SSPHS scores significantly, albeit weakly. Conclusions: It was shown that self-stigma had a negative effect on functionality as social stigma. Further research studies are needed to examine the factors that influence self-stigma in healthy and psychiatric patient cohorts. This study showed that social intelligence had an important effect on self-stigma.