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    An Inter-Subsystemic Approach in International Relations
    (Center Foreign Policy & Peace Research, 2015) Ozdemir, Haluk
    The main point of departure for this article is the incapacity of current international relations theorizing to explain both change and continuity without shifting between levels of analysis. The previous research agenda on system studies was renounced before it realized its potential. The concept of a subsystem has great potential for resolving this challenge. This article argues that the properties of the international system, including anarchy, are not constant, and show variation. To factor in this variation, first we need to identify subsystems (e.g. geographical or functional) that diverge across issue areas and functions. Then we need to look at the interactions between subsystems, which is a neglected aspect of the literature on subsystems. This article contributes to the debate by setting out a new research agenda to study the interactions between subsystems and their effects on the general system; that is, to identify when the system is stable and when it changes. This agenda suggests a particular focus on the inconsistencies, contradictions, and challenges that lie at the intersections of different subsystems.
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    Öğe
    Meaning of Europe within the Context of Geostrategy and a National Foreign Policies
    (Ankara Univ European Union Research Centre, 2007) Ozdemir, Haluk
    This article, focuses on the changing nature of the meaning of Europe within the context of changing international environment. The national interests and strategic concerns of the core European countries are taken as the main variables to explain the changing meanings attributed to Europe. The first part of the article discusses the geographical meanings, while the second part delves into a debate about the cultural attributes defining Europe. In the third part, an argument is put forward about how national interests shape the concept of Europe, and later how this concept determines its borders deciding who European is and who is not. In general, this argument can be divided into two parts: the. first part is about what, and the second is about where Europe is. These two parts are intertwined with each other. According to this argument, geographical and cultural meanings are secondary to the strategic ones. Europe as a concept also functions as a. foreign policy tool to. follow what might be called soft geopolitics which allows European countries to exercise power over outsiders, both foreigners and the candidate countries.