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    Consequences of Information and Communication Technologies and Environmental Degradation on Health Expenditure
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Bayraktar, Yuksel; Aydin, Serdar; Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoglu, Mursit; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Buyukakin, Figen; Cakir, Sumeyra
    This study aims to examine how the subcomponents and overall measurement of ecological footprint, as well as the use of information and communication technologies, affect health expenditures. For this study, the sample group consisted of the top 25 countries with the highest ecological footprint for the period 2000 to 2021. System GMM estimation results demonstrate that economic growth and ecological footprint have a positive impact on health expenditures. Covid-19 dummy variables, have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. On the other hand, information and communication technologies has a statistically significant but negative effect on health expenditures. The estimation results show that the Covid-19 pandemic increased health expenditures. Looking at the effect of subcomponents of environmental degradation on health expenditures, all subcomponents have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. It is seen that the most effective variable is forest products. The variable that has almost the same impact as the footprint of forest products is the carbon footprint. Carbon footprint has significant and positive impact on health expenditures, followed by fishing grounds cropland, grazing land, built-up land. The results of the study indicate which forms of pollution should be given priority by policymakers in order to prevent an increase in health expenditure resulting from environmental degradation.
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    Öğe
    Pandemics, Income Inequality, and Refugees: The Case of COVID-19
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Buyukakin, Figen; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Isik, Esme; Bayraktar, Yuksel; Olgun, Mehmet Firat; Toprak, Metin
    Refugees are more vulnerable to COVID-19 due to factors such as low standard of living, accommodation in crowded households, difficulty in receiving health care due to high treatment costs in some countries, and inability to access public health and social services. The increasing income inequalities, anxiety about providing minimum living conditions, and fear of being unemployed compel refugees to continue their jobs, and this affects the number of cases and case-related deaths. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of refugees and income inequality on COVID-19 cases and deaths in 95 countries for the year 2021 using Poisson regression, Negative Binomial Regression, and Machine Learning methods. According to the estimation results, refugees and income inequalities increase both COVID-19 cases and deaths. On the other hand, the impact of income inequality on COVID-19 cases and deaths is stronger than on refugees.