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    Sub-lethal toxicities of zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione alone and in combination to the indicator mussel species Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2020) Tresnakova, Nikola; Gunal, A. Caglan; Kankilic, Gokben Basaran; Pacal, Elif; Tavsanoglu, U. Nihan; Uyar, Recep; Erkoc, Figen
    Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT) are widely used antifouling booster biocides in the shipping industry as a replacement for the banned tributyltin (TBT). Sub-lethal effects of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT; 10 mu g L-1), copper pyrithione (CuPT; 10 mu g L-1) and combined copper-zinc pyrithione (CZPT; 5 + 5 and 10 + 10 mu g. L-1) to freshwater indicator mussel Unio crassus (5.49 +/- 0.85 cm in size) were determined by investigation of the total hemocyte counts, biochemical analysis mussel tissues and histopathological observations after 48-h and 7-d exposures. Mean total hemocyte counts differed significantly among all groups, for both exposure durations. In the 7 d, lipid peroxidation levels (malondialdehyde, MDA nmol g(-1) wet tissue) and reduced glutathione levels (GSH mu mol g(-1) wet tissue) were lower than 48 h. However, there were no significant differences among groups. Total protein levels (mg mL(-1)) were approximately in the same range and differed only among 7-d exposure groups. The gill tissues showed hemocytic infiltration and lipofuscin like structures, while digestive gland showed loss of digestive tubules in the treatments of pyrithione compounds. Histopathological damages were most severe in the combined exposure groups. In conclusion, ZnPT, CuPT and combined CZPT(5/10) are highly toxic on a freshwater indicator mussel species U. crassus.
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    Tracking the microplastic accumulation from past to present in the freshwater ecosystems: A case study in Susurluk Basin, Turkey
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Almas, Fatma Feisal; Bezirci, Gizem; Cagan, Ali Serhan; Gokdag, Kerem; Cirak, Tamer; Kankilic, Gokben Basaran; Pacal, Elif
    Microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has become a global issue in recent years due to its presence everywhere around the world. Although several studies have explored the impact of the accumulation of those small particles in marine environments, comparisons of freshwater systems with marine environments are scarce. In the current study, due to the lack of long-term data on microplastic pollution, we used paleolimnological approaches to acquire the missing information regarding this hot topic. Two short cores were taken from Bursa province in Turkey, which is the center of industrial and agricultural production with many different sectors such as textile and manufacturing. The first core sample was taken from a relatively pristine environment, Lake Uluabat, and the second one was taken from a delta area where all the discharge coming from the basin flowed through to the Marmara Sea. The sediment core from the lake was dated back to the 1960's and the majority of the sample was dominated by fibers. Despite there being no uniform distribution pattern, the number of the microplastics showed decreasing trend after the lake became a Ramsar site. Due to the continuous mixing in the sampling area, there were obstacles via the dating of the Delta core. Nevertheless, the data showed that a high number and variety of microplastics have accumulated over the last decade in the province. This can be interpreted as microplastic pollution reaching the sea directly from the basin. These findings revealed that a plastic chronostratigraphy would give important temporal data regarding the microplastic accumulation in aquatic ecosystems.