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    Mechanisms and solutions for nasal drug delivery - a narrative review
    (Verduci Publisher, 2022) Ulusoy, S.; Muluk, N. Bayar; Karpischenko, S.; Passali, G. C.; Negm, H.; Passali, D.; Milkov, M.
    The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms and solutions for nasal drug delivery. Literature survey was performed via PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, and ProQuest Central database of Kirikkale University. The nasal lining presents a large area of endothelium of variable permeability and with a rich vascular supply. Advantages of this route include eliminating first-pass metabolism and being easily accessible. The nasal route enables some agents which are otherwise difficult to administer to enter the systemic circulation, for example, low molecular mass compounds with high polarity, peptides, or proteins. There are three principal factors that influence the extent to which drugs can be absorbed through the nasal lining, namely the physico-chemical characteristics of the drug molecule itself, the action of the mucociliary system within the nose, and the presence of any factors increasing nasal absorption. A key factor limiting the use of the intranasal route of administration is insufficient absorption through the nasal mucosa. A number of drugs in development cannot be administered intranasally because their bio-availability following nasal administration is too low. There has been considerable research focus on methods to enhance absorption via the nasal mucosa. In this chapter, we review the literature related to this problem and discuss potential solutions.
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    The intranasal trigeminal system: roles in rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic)
    (Verduci Publisher, 2022) Ulusoy, S.; Muluk, N. Bayar; Scadding, G. K.; Passali, G. S.; Dilber, M.; Gevaert, P.; Passali, D.
    The aim of this paper is to review intranasal trigeminal system and associated reflexes. The literature survey was performed on PubMed, ProQuest Central database of Kirikkale University and Google Scholar. The intranasal trigeminal system and associated reflexes play an important role in humans in both health and disease, including in rhinitis of non-allergic and mixed type. The intranasal trigeminal nerve provides sensory perception to the lining of the nose, supplying information on how patent the nasal airway is and responding to various chemical signals. The reflexes known to exist within the intranasal trigeminal system are nasobronchial reflex, trigemino-cardiac reflex, nasogastric reflex, and nasal cycle. The intranasal trigeminal system and its reflexes play a vital role in normal human physiology. Alterations in how this system operates may underlie multiple forms of rhinitis and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved.