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Öğe Body weight and body measurements of male and female Pekin ducks obtained from breeder flocks of different age(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2011) Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Gurcan, I. S.; Poyraz, O.In total, 144 Pekin ducklings (72 male and 72 female) obtained from breeder flocks of different ages (37 and 135 wks) were used to evaluate body weight and body measurements until 42 days of life. Ducklings were leg-banded for individual identification after hatching and sexing. Body weight and body measurements were taken at hatch and during the 6 weeks experimental period. Time - breeder age and. time - sex interactions were found to be significant (p < 0.001). Growth model of female ducks was modeled with a three parameters logistic regression, whereas, male ducks were modeled with Gompertz model. At hatch, age of the breeder flock and sex affected all of the examined parameters however at slaughter age only body weight was affected. Male ducks were significantly heavier than female ducks at slaughter age.Öğe The Changes of the Body Weight and Some Blood Parameters of Pekin Ducklings Dependent on Transportation Duration(Medwell Online, 2008) Erisir, Z.; Poyraz, O.; Erisir, M.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.The effect of transportation on body weight and some blood parameters of hatching Pekin ducklings were investigated. A total of 500 (250 male, 250 female) 1 day-old ducklings (Star 52-Grimaud Freres) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Upon hatching and on the 4, 8 and 12 h of the transportation, each duckling was weighed to determine their body weights. Before transportation and on the 4, 8 and 12 h of the transportation, necks of 10 male and 10 female ducklings were broken and blood samples were taken. Plasma corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, AST (Aspartate transaminase), CK (Creatine kinase), total protein, albumin levels and blood H/L (heterophile/lymphocyte) ratios were determined. The body weights, which were 46.1 and 45.7 g for hatching male and female ducklings, fell down to 41.3 and 41.5 g at the end of transportation. During transportation, a total of 4 ducklings died; 1 male and 1 female on the 8 h, 1 male and 1 female on the 12 h. Plasma glucose levels of ducklings decreased up to 8 h of transportation, but increased at 12 h. Plasma corticosterone, cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, total protein, albumin levels and blood H/L ratios increased in transported ducklings due to increasing transportation time.Öğe Effect of Different Housing Systems on Growth and Welfare of Pekin Ducks(Medwell Online, 2009) Erişir, Zeki; Poyraz, O.; Onbaşılar, Esin Ebru; Erdem, Evren; Kandemir, Ö.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different housing systems on growth and welfare of Pekin ducks. A total of 420 (212 male, 208 female) one-day-old ducklings were used in this study. The ducklings were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups; 2 Intensive Systems (IS) (one without pool and the other with swimming pool) and 2 intensive systems with outside activity (IOS) (one with swimming pool and the other without pool). The IOS with swimming pool was found to influence the body weight at 6 weeks of age. Body weight at 6 weeks of age was lower in ducks reared in IOS with pool than those reared in IOS without pool. Feed consumption was the highest and also feed efficiency was the lowest in ducks reared in IS without pool. The differences between the groups in terms of values for immune response, H-L ratio, plasma corticosterone, cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels were not statistically significant. It is concluded that although, the most common system used for duck rearing worldwide is IS without pool, the findings of the present study indicate that IOS with swimming pool is the best system in terms of duck welfare and growth.Öğe Effects of hen production cycle and egg weight on egg quality and composition, hatchability, duckling quality, and first-week body weight in Pekin ducks(Poultry Science Assoc Inc, 2011) OnbaSilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Poyraz, O.; Yalcin, S.This study was conducted to determine the effect of hen production cycle (HPC) and the effect of egg weight (EW) at the same egg production level on egg quality, egg composition, hatchability, duckling quality, and first-week BW in Pekin ducks. For HPC, hatching eggs were obtained from different Pekin-duck breeder flocks, aged 31 wk for the first production cycle (HPC1) and 78 wk for the second production cycle (HPC2). For EW, there were 3 categories: heavy (H), medium (M), and light (L). Ten eggs from each HPC and EW group were analyzed for the determination of egg quality, and albumen and yolk compositions. Ninety eggs from each HPC and EW group were incubated for the determination of hatchability, and duckling weight and quality. After quality scoring, 20 ducklings (10 male and 10 female) from each group were weighed, and reared to 1 wk of age in a brooder machine to determine relative growth (RG). The results showed that the albumen index; Haugh unit; shell percentage; yolk moisture, ash, protein, lipids, and triglycerides; albumen moisture, ash, and protein; yolk fatty acid contents; hatching weight; duckling weights at 1 wk of age; and RG were significantly affected by HPC. Egg weight affected shell thickness, yolk and albumen indices, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen percentages, yolk to albumen ratio, shell percentage, yolk fatty acid content, hatching weight, duckling weight at 1 wk of age, and RG.Öğe Effects of Housing System, Swimming Pool and Slaughter Age on Duck Performance, Carcass and Meat Characteristics(Medwell Online, 2009) Erisir, Z.; Poyraz, O.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Erdem, E.; Oksuztepe, G. A.The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different housing systems, swimming pool and slaughter age on performance, carcass and meat characteristics of ducks. A total of 420 (212 male, 208 female) one day old ducklings (Star 52-Grimaud Freres) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The ducklings were randomly divided into four treatment groups; two Intensive Systems (IS) (one without pool and the other with swimming pool) and two intensive systems with outside activity (IOS) (one with swimming pool and the other without pool). Each group included 105 (53 male and 52 female) ducklings. European Efficiency Factor (EEF), feed efficiency and livability rate were affected by the housing system, swimming pool and age. Housing system and slaughter age significantly affected the slaughter weight and cold carcass yield. Breast, legs and wings percentages were significantly affected by slaughter age. PH(24), cooking loss, ash, protein and lipid contents of leg muscle were significantly altered by age. PH(24), ash, protein and lipid contents increased while, the cooking loss decreased with age. Housing system had no effect on the carcass chemical composition. From the point of EEF the market age of Pekin ducks at 6 weeks is more beneficial due to the better feed efficiency, lower feed intake and lower feed cost. Open sided area and swimming pool enhanced the EEF.Öğe Influence of lighting periods and stocking densities on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2008) Onbasilar, E. E.; Poyraz, O.; Erdem, E.; Özturk, H.This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lighting and stocking density on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters (H-L ratio, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, tonic immobility test (TI), antibody production, relative asymmetry (RA) and external appearances). Four hundred and seventy day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The chicks were randomly distributed into two light proof controlled rooms. In one room the lighting period remained at continuous lighting (24 L: OD) during the whole experiment, while in the other room the photoperiod was 16 h light and 8 h dark per day. Each lighting group was divided into two stocking density groups (11.9 b/m(2) (average 29.9 kg of BW/m(2)) and 17.5 b/m(2) (average 40.7 kg of BW/m(2))) with 5 replications per group. Lighting program did not influence slaughter weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed to gain ratio, carcass characteristics, percentage of abdominal fat, heart, gizzard, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius, RA of metatarsus length, RA of tarsometatarsus length and thickness, mean RA, claw length, foot health, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels anti-SRBC and anti NDV titers. TI duration (p < 0.001), feather condition (p < 0.001) and H-L ratio (p < 0.05) of broilers were significantly different in lighting groups. TI duration was 255 and 431 s, feather condition was 16.3 and 14.5 and H-L ratio was 1.0 and 1.2 in broilers exposed to 16L:8D lighting program and 24L:OD lighting program, respectively. Stocking density influenced final body weight (p < 0.001), body weight gain (p < 0.001), feed consumption (p < 0.05) and feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05). Final body weight was 2515 and 2326 g, feed consumption was 3829 and 3662 g and feed to gain ratio was found 1.55 and 1.61 g/g in broilers reared at 11.9 b/m(2) and 17.5 b/m(2), respectively. Feather condition (p < 0.001) and foot health (p < 0.01) were significantly different in stocking density groups. Feather condition was 16.5 and 14.3 and foot health was 3.6 and 3.0 in broilers reared at 11.9 and 17.5 b/m(2), respectively. Percentage of heart (p < 0.05), TI duration (p < 0.001), H-L ratio (p < 0.001), serum glucose (p < 0.001) and serum cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) were statistically higher in broilers reared at 17.5 b/m(2) than in broilers reared at 11.9 b/m(2). In conclusion darkness period and stocking density play an important role in modern broiler rearing.
