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    Addition of cement kiln dust in ceramic wall tile bodies
    (Springer, 2019) Aydin, Tuna; Tarhan, Muge; Tarhan, Baran
    The volume of wastes generated from heavy industries, such as cement and steel industries, is increasing, and the cost of landfill disposal grows daily. Economical and eco-friendly areas of recycle are being developed to stop the growth of these waste products. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a waste product in the cement industry. It contains very fine grains like cement in addition to finer particles of lime, silica, alumina and iron. These particles contain high concentrations of sulphates and alkalis. The aim was to study the effects of using CKD as an alternative source of CaO in ceramic wall tile production. Ceramic tiles compositions in different ratios were prepared with CKD (15 mass% max) rather than calcite. All shaped samples were sintered at 1150 degrees C. Optical dilatometer was used to evaluate sintering behaviour. Physical properties, such as linear firing shrinkage, bulk density, flexural strength and water absorption, were also measured. The bodies containing CKD showed a decrease in moisture expansion and were whiter than the body of a standard composition. This study showed that CKD is an effective CaO source in ceramic tile production.
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    The effects of fine fire clay sanitaryware wastes on ceramic wall tiles
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Tarhan, Muge; Tarhan, Baran; Aydin, Tuna
    In the last decade, environmental preservation has become an important issue. Specifically, recycling of sanitaryware fine fire clay (FFC) waste is important for reducing costs. In this study, the use of FFC waste as an alternative raw material in the production of ceramic wall tiles was investigated. Five ceramic wall tile bodies were prepared by substituting kaolin (max. 15 wt%) with FFC wastes. All formulations were mixed, pressed into pellets and sintered at 1145 degrees C. The sintering behaviour was evaluated using an optical dilatometer. Water absorption, linear shrinkage and bending strength were also measured. This study revealed that FFC wastes are good alternative raw materials, and the corresponding formulations were shown to be viable in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. The most remarkable conclusion from this study was that the addition of FFC waste decreased moisture expansion. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
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    Reusing sanitaryware waste products in glazed porcelain tile production
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Tarhan, Baran; Tarhan, Muge; Aydin, Tuna
    Reusing the waste products generated in ceramic manufacturing is an environmentally responsible and sustainable approach. This study aims to protect natural resources, minimise raw material costs and manage waste-generated pollution by reusing the vitrified sanitaryware waste (VSW) products from Canakkale Kalebodur Seramik San. A. S. Six sample formulations were prepared under industrial conditions and compared with a standard tile body. The results indicated that using VSW in place of feldspar results in an increased firing shrinkage and decreased bending strength, whereas using VSW in place of pegmatite results in an increased bending strength and reduced thermal expansion coefficients. The reduction in the thermal expansion coefficients is an important finding that aids in meeting the dimensional and deformation requirements of porcelain tiles and also results in a slight lightening of the tile colour. This study shows that the fired VSW products can be used in glazed porcelain tile production as a sustainable and technologically, economically and environmentally suitable approach.