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Öğe Comparison of liver and bone health of two laying hen strains kept in different cage systems(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2016) Onbasilar, Ebru E.; Erdem, E.; Unal, N.; Tunc, A. S.; Kocakaya, A.; Yaranoglu, B.Concerns have been increasing about conventional cages for laying hens in connection with welfare. Liver and bone disorders of laying hens are major problems. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in liver and bone traits of two laying strains kept in conventional and enriched cages. A total of 532 two Lohmann Brown Classic (LB) and 532 Lohmann LSL Classic (LW) hens were housed from 16 to 73 weeks in either conventional cages or enriched cages. Enriched cages had a nesting area, scratch pad, perch and claw shortener. At 73 weeks of age, blood parameters (alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), phosphor (P), cholesterol and triglycerides), relative liver weight, fatty liver score and bone parameters (weight, length, diameter, maximum load, deformation at maximum load and stiffness of tibia and femur) were determined. The cage type affected only serum ALT, AST, ALP and cholesterol levels. Differences of liver and bone parameters between both cage types were not statistically significant. Serum ALT, ALP and P level and also weight and diameter of examined bones were affected by strain. This study indicates that cage type and cage type x strain interactions have limited effect on the liver and bone health.Öğe Economic comparison of unenriched and alternative cage systems used in laying hen husbandry - recent experience under Turkish commercial conditions(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Aral, Y.; Arikan, M. S.; Onbasilar, E. E.; Unal, N.; Gokdai, A.; Erdem, E.This review provides a comparative analysis on the unenriched and alternative cage systems used in commercial egg production as required by the directive (99/74/EC) of the EU Council on animal welfare in terms of technical performance indicators, distribution of cost items, egg sales revenue, and profitability. Unenriched (conventional) cages are commonly used in Turkey. However these cages don't provide for the laying hens natural needs. The comparison was taken from data regarding Lohmann Brown Classic and Lohmann LSL Classic laying hybrids kept in two caging systems. The rearing period was composed of 399 days starting when 16-week-old commercial pullets were put into unenriched and alternative cage systems and ending at the end of their 73rd weeks of age when laying hens were removed from production. The average shares of the some important cost items in the total cost in the production period were calculated to be as follows for unenriched and alternative cage systems, respectively: pullet 22.17% and 21.17%; feed 61.31% and 58.29%; labour 2.67% and 2.55%; veterinary and health 0.74% and 0.98%; egg packaging 3.23% and 3.48%; maintenance and repair expenses 1.50% and 2.29%; and depreciation costs 5.48% and 8.35%. The average cost of producing one egg was found to be 0.094 US$ and 0.097 US $, respectively. It was determined that investment costs in alternative cage systems was 14.93% higher and the production cost per hen was 2.03% higher than that in unenriched cage systems. In Turkey, on January 1, 2023, all systems will be converted to alternative cages. Investment amounts and production costs for the alternative cage systems are very important in this transformation process. Therefore the present review is to examine the available information on the production data of laying hens reared in the unenriched and alternative cages and to make economic feasibility conclusions under Turkey conditions.Öğe Effect of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2014) Onbasilar, Ebru E.; Erdem, E.; Unal, N.; Kocakaya, A.; Torlak, E.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics. A total of five hundred seventy six 1-d-old male broiler chicks (ROSS-308) was randomly assigned to 48 pens. Chicks were randomly allocated to 2 litter and 4 Yucca schidigera treatments (0, 4, 8, 12%) with 6 replication pens. Each pen consisted of 12 chicks. Performances of broilers, ratio of footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics were not affected by Yucca schidigera additions to the litter materials. However, body weight gain and feed conversion from 1 to 21 days, total feed intake, total colony counts and number of Enterobacteriaceae in the litter were changed by litter material. Litter material by level of Yucca schidigera interaction was significant for body weight gain and feed conversion. Further studies will be done with different doses and applications of Yucca schidigera additions to the litter.Öğe Genetic variations and antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human and bovine(Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, 2009) Unal, N.; Istanbulluoglu, E.; Gur, D.; Unal, S.; Bulun, H.The study was performed to estimate the genetic relationship among 96 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from human and bovine origins by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and to investigate resistance profiles of the isolates to 11 antimicrobial agents by the E-test. Thirteen of the human isolates (26%) were resistant to methicillin (MRSA), although all the bovine isolates were Susceptible. In 96 isolates, 45 distinct PFGE types were identified. The results of PFGE were assigned to 18 lineage groups designated A through S based on estimates of genetic relationship. Cluster analysis showed that bacterial genotypes were associated with a single host species. The genotypes corresponding to strains of human origin were more heterogenous. Seventy six percent of the bovine isolates and 34% of the human isolates were assigned to lineage group S and K respectively. Approximately 70% of MRSA strains were included in lineage group K and the comparison of MSSA and MRSA strains showed that the strains were not closely linked. With the exception of MRSA strains, high degree of correlation wits not observed between antimicrobial resistance patterns and the pulsotypes of the isolates. While resistance to penicilin was 100% in human and 80.4% in bovine isolates, it was 48% and 4.3% for erythromycin in human and bovine isolates, respectively. In addition 84.6% of MRSA strains were also resistant to 8 different antimicrobials. It was concluded that the relationship between human and bovine S. aureus isolates were not detected and the number of pulsotype responsible for cow mastitis was limited. MRSA in S. aureus isolates from bovine origin were not ascertained while the rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs were lower in bovine isolates than those of human isolates.Öğe Production performance, use of nest box, and external appearance of two strains of laying hens kept in conventional and enriched cages(Oxford Univ Press, 2015) Onbasilar, E. E.; Unal, N.; Erdem, E.; Kocakaya, A.; Yaranoglu, B.The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in production performance, use of nest box, and external appearance of 2 strains of laying hens kept in conventional and enriched cages. Lohmann Brown Classic (LB, n = 532) and Lohmann LSL Classic (LW, n = 532) hens were housed from 16 to 73 wk in either conventional cages or enriched cages. Enriched cages had a nesting area, scratch pad, perch, and nail shortener. Body weight (BW), hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cracked and dirty eggs, use of nest box for lay, and external appearance were determined. Laying period influenced the hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Cage type affected the hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio, while strain affected the egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Laying period x cage type and laying period x strain interactions affected egg production, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio. Both strains preferred to lay in the nest box. Percentages of cracked and dirty eggs of LW hens in enriched cages were higher than that in conventional cages. Most of the dirty eggs laid by both strains were found outside of the nest box. The LW hens laid more dirty eggs than the LB hens. Cage type and cage type x strain interaction were important for total feather score. Final claw length was affected by cage type, strain, and cage type x strain interaction. This study suggests that cage type, strain, and also cage type x strain and period x strain interactions should be considered when alternative housing systems are used.
