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    Elevated plasma levels of interleukin 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 are associated with pregnancy toxaemia in ewes
    (Springer, 2007) Yarim, G. F.; Karahan, S.; Nisbet, C.
    Pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder that results from an inadequate energy supply to the growing maternal-fetal unit. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of the syndrome has not been fully clarified; however, a key role for cytokines and chemokines including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) has been indicated in women and experimental animals. However, information on the maternal plasma levels of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia is limited. Thus, the present study was designed to determine plasma IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 concentrations in ewes with severe (n = 6) and mild (n = 4) naturally occurring pregnancy toxaemia and in uncomplicated pregnant ewes (n = 10) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All ewes with pregnancy toxaemia had significantly lower body temperature and respiratory rate than uncomplicated pregnant ewes (p < 0.05). With the highest concentrations in severe cases, heart rate, proteinuria and serum uric acid levels as well as plasma IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 were significantly different among all three groups (p < 0.05). The plasma concentrations of IL-1 beta in control ewes and ewes with mild and severe toxaemia were 15.81 +/- 3.90 pg/ml, 23.83 +/- 2.42 pg/ml and 34.55 +/- 8.03 pg/ml, respectively. The plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha in control ewes and ewes with mild and severe toxaemia were 7.71 +/- 1.61 pg/ml, 16.13 +/- 3.63 pg/ml, and 22.85 +/- 3.64 pg/ml, respectively. The plasma concentrations of MCP-1 in control ewes and ewes with mild and severe toxaemia were 101.70 +/- 9.86 pg/ml, 134.75 +/- 6.24 pg/ml, and 157.67 +/- 9.69 pg/ml, respectively. Moreover, plasma IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 levels were positively correlated with clinical and well-establish biochemical parameters of pregnancy toxaemia, serum uric acid and proteinuria (p < 0.01). Concomitant increase of plasma IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 concentrations along with serum uric acid, proteinuria, and worsening of the clinical signs indicates that such cytokines are involved in the aetiopathogenesis and in perpetuation of the local and systemic inflammatory reactions in pregnancy toxaemia in ewes. Hence, plasma IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 may potentially serve as markers to monitor prognosis of pregnancy toxaemia in ewes.
  • Küçük Resim
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    Regional brain and sex differences in the plasma progesterone concentration of sheep
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Yarim, G. F.; Karahan, S.
    Progesterone concentration was measured in specific brain regions of the ram and anestrous ewe to provide reference values for future studies to investigate if local CNS lesions resulting from neurodegenerative diseases of sheep are associated with progesterone loss. Using radioimmunoassay, plasma progesterone was recorded throughout all brain regions assayed. No significant differences were found between the ewe and ram for any brain regions. There were however, significant differences between the different regions of an individual brain (P < 0.05). Plasma progesterome concentration for the highest to the lowest value recorded was as follows: 2.93 +/- 0.85 and 2.77 +/- 0.51 ng/g in the frontal cortex; 2.33 +/- 0.67 and 2.25 +/- 0.48 ng/g in the parietal cortex; 1.32 +/- 0.36 and 1.29 +/- 0.35 ng/g in the temporal cortex; 1.25 +/- 0.32 and 1.25 +/- 0.31 ng/g in the occipital cortex; 1.24 +/- 0.30 and 1.23 +/- 0.31 ng/g in the corpus callosum; 1.16 +/- 0.30 and 1.21 +/- 10.38 ng/g in the cerebellum; 1.09 +/- 0.30 and 1.12 +/- 0.39 ng/g in the medulla oblongata of the ewe and ram, respectively. Plasma progesterone concentration in the ewe (0.28 +/- 0.06 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that in the ram (0.10 +/- 0.03 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, plasma progesterone concentration in all sheep was several times lower than that of any regions of the brain. The results indicate that the sheep brain accumulates progesterone in significant levels, which may be independent of the circulating progesterone. The brain progesterone concentration in CNS regions assayed was similar for the ram and anestrous ewe. Neurodegenerative processes in visna, border disease and enzootic ataxia should be questioned in further studies if they are associated with local progesterone loss. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.