Makale Koleksiyonu

Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12587/8852

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 23

The investigation of environmental behaviors by energy and exergy analyses using gasoline/ethanol fuel blends
(Springer, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Üstün, Süleyman
This study aims to evaluate the use of ethanol/gasoline fuel blends in a single-cylinder spark-ignition engine with energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis. Test fuels (G100, E10, E20, E30, E40, E50, and E100) prepared by adding ethanol obtained from agricultural products to gasoline at different ratios were utilized in experimental studies. Thermodynamic analyses were carried out using the performance and emission data obtained from the engine tests. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiencies were computed with energy and exergy analyses. The highest efficiencies were acquired at 2500 rpm for all fuels. The exergy efficiency of G100, E20 and E40 fuels at this engine speed is 17.13%, 15.81% and 14.62%, respectively. Furthermore, cost of engine shaft work in exergoeconomic analysis and environmental cost of shaft work in exergoenvironmental analysis were found in study. When an engine speed was 2500 rpm in E50 fuel, the cost of shaft work was 74.21 $ MJ(-1), and the environmental cost of shaft work was 59.07 $ GJ(-1). Moreover, exergoeconomic factor and exergoenvironmental factor values of fuel blends were computed. It was revealed that increased ethanol ratio in fuel blends increased economic and environmental costs. In terms of economy and environment, it can be considered appropriate that the ethanol ratio in fuel blends is between 30 and 40%. If ethanol is used higher than these rates, costs increase and fuels become uneconomical.
The investigation of energy and exergy analyses in compression ignition engines using diesel/biodiesel fuel blends-a review
(Springer, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş
Biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. In the literature, engine performance, exhaust emission, and thermodynamic analyses have been conducted using biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-alcohol, and diesel-biodiesel-nanoparticle fuel blends as alternative fuels in diesel engines. The present research examined and discussed only studies related to energy and exergy analyses. Using energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and destroyed exergy values, a distinct perspective has been given to using biodiesel as an alternative fuel. While a certain decrease occurs in engine power with biodiesel, an improvement is observed in engine emissions. Hence, the exergy efficiency of biodiesel fuel blends is lower than pure diesel fuel. Some studies in the literature have reported exergy destruction due to the use of biodiesel to be 5-15% higher than pure diesel fuel.The exergy efficiency of some biodiesel types is very low compared to diesel fuel. When nanoparticles such as Al2O3 and TiO2 are added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends, exergy destruction in the engine decreases and, thus, the useful work increases. Whereas nanoparticles ensure a 2-5% power increase in diesel-biodiesel blends, they cause exergy destruction to decrease at the same rate. This study reviewed in detail the effects of using biodiesel fuels in diesel engines on energy and exergy performance and aimed to contribute to researchers working in this field.
The investigation of effects on the engine performance characteristics of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder for a beta-type Stirling engine with the slider-crank drive mechanism
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir
This study was focused to develop a power generation system that could use renewable energy resources more efficiently. In accordance with this purpose, the design, manufacturing, and testing of a Stirling engine with a beta-type slider-crank drive mechanism were carried out. Helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids, and experimental studies were performed at various charge pressures. Moreover, the effects of three different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on the performance were researched. The maximum power was obtained as 160.5 W in a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at a charge pressure of 4 bar and 400 rpm engine speed. The highest torque was found to be 7.92 Nm in a 66-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at the aforementioned charge pressure and 100 rpm engine speed. The lowest engine power output among the maximum engine powers was obtained to be 48.3 W when air was used as a working fluid at a pressure of 4 bar and an engine speed of 200 rpm, using a smooth displacer cylinder. Use of channels in the displacer cylinder and the increased number of channels had positive effects on engine performance. It was determined that the maximum engine power output obtained in the experimental studies was 46.0% and 49.86% higher in the 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel cylinders, respectively, compared to the smooth displacer cylinder. It has been observed that when the number of channels on the displacer cylinder was increased by approximately 81.8%, an increase of approximately 2.62% was obtained in the engine power output. This situation revealed that optimization of the number of channels is important.
The influence of n-pentanol blending with gasoline on performance, combustion, and emission behaviors of an SI engine
(Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2021) Yaman, Hayri; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir
This experimental research deals with the characteristic work on the performance, combustion, and exhaust pollutants for unleaded gasoline mixed with n-pentanol in the proportion of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (by vol.) of the total quantity. The trials were performed on a 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, port-fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition (SI) engine loading an AC active dynamometer so as to scrutinize the aforementioned behaviors of n-pentanol. The test fuels (unleaded gasoline, Pt5, Pt10, Pt15, and Pt20) were experimented with at various loads ranging from 1 kW to 5 kW with intervals of 1 kW under 1600 rpm fixed speed. The findings coming from the tests exhibited that the infusion of n-pentanol to gasoline has caused to reducing the HC, CO, CO2, and NO emissions in contrast to the baseline gasoline however, O-2 levels were observed to be higher. At all of the engine loads, n-pentanol blends exhibited an improvement in BTE when compared with gasoline by reason of the inherent oxygen concentration of used alcohol. As hoped, the peak in-cylinder pressure and apparent heat release rate (HRR) values for the tested fuel blends were found to be higher than that of UG test fuel. It is to be noticed that the higher-order alcohol namely n-pentanol may be used as a partial replacement for gasoline fuel in the SI engine applications according to the experimental outcomes. (C) 2021 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
The investigation of an energetic and exergetic performance characteristics of a beta-type Stirling engine with a rhombic drive mechanism
(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Erol, Derviş; Doğan, Battal; Çalışkan, Sinan
In this study, effects of using helium, nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide and argon gases as working fluid in a beta-type Stirling engine with rhombic drive mechanism and swept volume of 365 cm(3) on the engine performance characteristics for two different stainless steel and titanium displacer pistons at charge pressures of 1-5 bar were examined. The performance characteristics of manufactured Stirling engine were investigated at 1000 K (+/- 10 K) hot end and 300 K (+/- 5 K) cold end temperatures using a specifically designed electrical heater. Energy and exergy analyses were carried out using temperature, pressure, speed and torque values measured in performance tests. As a result of the exergy analysis, helium gas performed the best in the stainless steel displacer piston at a charge pressure of 4 bar and an engine speed of 550 rpm. Under the said conditions, 0.3726 W/K entropy generation and 195.53 W destroyed exergy were calculated in thermodynamic analysis in the helium working fluid. Furthermore, under the same conditions, helium gas achieved the highest efficiency values of 48.04% for thermal efficiency, 56.54% for exergy efficiency and 69.2% for Carnot efficiency. The lowest exergetic performance was revealed in titanium displacer piston when argon was used as working fluid.
The industrial-grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil biodiesel application in a diesel engine: combustion, harmful pollutants, and performance characteristics
(Edp Sciences S A, 2022) Yılbaşı, Zeki; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, Hayri; Arslan, Mevlüt
The core focus of the present investigation is regarding biodiesel production from industrial hemp seed oil applying single-stage homogenous catalyzed transesterification process obtaining high yield of methyl ester. The engine tests were carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, unmodified diesel engine operating with hemp seed oil methyl ester as well as its blends with conventional diesel fuel. The experimental findings of the test fuels were compared with those from diesel. The results pointed out that the performance and combustion behaviors of biodiesel fuels are just about in line with those of diesel fuel propensity. The specific fuel consumption for 5% biodiesel blend (0.291 kg/kW h), 10% biodiesel blend (0.305 kg/kW h), and 20% biodiesel blend (0.312 kg/kW h) blends at full load was closer to diesel (0.275 kg/kW h). In the meantime, the thermal efficiency for biodiesel was found to be at the range of 15.98-24.97% and it was slightly lower than that of diesel (18.10-29.85%) at the working loads. On the other hand, the harmful pollutant characteristics of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke opacity for biodiesel and its blends were observed to be lower in comparison with diesel during the trials. However, the oxides of nitrogen emissions for biodiesel were monitored to be as 6.85-15.40 g/kW h which was remarkably higher than that of diesel (4.71-8.63 g/kW h). Besides that, the combustion behaviors of biodiesel and its blends with diesel showed much the same followed those of diesel. Namely, the duration of ignition delay of biodiesel-diesel blends was shorter than that of diesel fuel because of the higher cetane number specification of the methyl ester. The highest gas pressures inside the cylinder as well as the rates of the heat release of biodiesel including test fuels are lower in contrast to the diesel due to the shorter ignition delay. It could be concluded that the utilization of biodiesel produced from industrial hemp seed oil in the diesel engine up to 20% (by vol.) will decrease the consumption of diesel and environmental pollution, especially in developing countries.
The examination of performance characteristics of a beta-type Stirling engine with a rhombic mechanism: The influence of various working fluids and displacer piston materials
(Wiley, 2021) Erol, Derviş; Çalışkan, Sinan
In this study, to develop a power generation system that can use renewable energy resources more efficiently, a beta-type Stirling engine with rhombic mechanism was designed and manufactured. Kinematic and thermodynamic analyses of a beta-type Stirling engine were performed numerically in the Fortran program. Volume and pressure changes depending on crankshaft angle of Stirling engine were made using the isothermal analysis. The effects of the basic parameters related to engine performance, such as working fluid mass, charge pressure, heater, and coolant temperatures, on the net work amount were investigated. Five different gases, including helium, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon, were used as a working fluid in experimental studies. The effects of all these gases on engine performance characteristics were examined at charge pressures of 1 to 5 bar for two different displacer pistons made of stainless steel and titanium material. The performance characteristics of Stirling engine manufactured were tested using a specially designed electrical heater, at 727 degrees C hot end and 27 degrees C cold end temperature, depending on engine speed. In all experimental studies, maximum power output was acquired to be 215.48 W, at 4 bar and 550 rpm when a stainless steel displacer piston and helium gas as a working fluid were used, and maximum torque value was acquired to be 7.54 Nm, at 5 bar and 150 rpm. The lowest engine power output among maximum engine powers was acquired to be 34.66 W when argon gas was used as a working fluid at 3 bar and 300 rpm, using a displacer piston made of titanium material. Maximum power output acquired in the experimental studies using a stainless steel displacer piston and helium; it was determined that it is 72.12%, 73.69%, 241.49%, and 288.81% higher than the engine power acquired by nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide, and argon gases, respectively.
The experimental investigation of performance behaviors of a beta-type Stirling engine with bell-crank motion mechanism
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Erol, Derviş
The current study aims to develop a novel power generation system that is capable of working with a Stirling engine. Within this context, a beta-type Stirling engine design has been created with a bell-crank motion mechanism and a 365 cm3 swept volume. The engine has been manufactured, and then a detailed assessment has been conducted to determine the impact of the motion mechanism on engine performance characteristics. The designed and manufactured engine has been tested using a range of working fluids, such as air, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen gases. The performance tests of this engine have been carried out at 1000 K (+/- 10) heater and 300 K (+/- 5) coolant temperatures. Based on the outcomes of the experimental studies, the highest engine power and torque values have been obtained at a charge pressure of 4 bar using helium gas, with 143.5 W at 267 rpm and 7.75 Nm at 100 rpm, respectively. Moreover, the maximum engine power values obtained from other tests with nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide and argon gases have been compared with helium gas. Helium gas has been found to outperform nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide, and argon gases in tests by 67.3%, 73.9%, 197.1%, and 200.2%, respectively. Finally, the highest thermal efficiency value has been obtained with helium gas as 48.7% at a charge pressure of 4 bar.
The effects of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder, working fluids, and engine speed on the energy and exergy performance characteristics of a β-type Stirling engine with a slider-crank drive mechanism
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, Hayri
Stirling engines are power generation systems working with the external heating principle and converting heat energy into mechanical energy. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were performed using the data of performance tests in which helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids in a beta-type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm(3) and a slider-crank drive mechanism. Moreover, the impact of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on engine power was revealed. In the study, three displacer cylinders, smooth, 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel displacer cylinders, were used. Performance tests were conducted at five charge pressures varying between 1 and 5 bar, with the hot end temperature of 1000 +/- 10K and the cold end temperature of 300 +/- 5K. The heat transferred to the hot zone, thermal losses and efficiency were calculated in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was 45.50% when a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder was used with helium as the working fluid. Thermal efficiency values were 32.87% and 32.60% for nitrogen and air, respectively, under the same conditions. Entropy generation, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency were calculated in the exergy analysis. The lowest exergy destruction was obtained using a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder with helium as the working fluid. Furthermore, the impact of engine speed on exergy efficiency was determined.
The effect of Cr and Nb addition on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the mechanically alloyed high entropy FeCoNi alloys
(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Yakın, Alican; Şimşek, Telem; Avar, Barış; Chattopadhyay, Arun K.; Özcan, Şadan; Şimşek, Tuncay
In this study, four different equimolar compositions of FeCoNi, FeCoNiNb, FeCoNiCr, and FeCoNiNbCr were synthesized by the mechanical alloying method. The effects of Cr and Nb addition on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of FeCoNi alloy were investigated in detail. The structural aspects of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. High and low-temperature magnetic properties were evaluated by a vibrating sample magnetometer. It was noticed that the addition of Nb caused amorphization, while Cr promoted crystallization in the alloys. The crystallite sizes were calculated as 9.7, 3.1, 8.3, and 4.4 nm for the FeCoNi, FeCoNiNb, FeCoNiCr, and FeCoNiCrNb alloys, respectively, after 20 h of milling. The SEM images of the as-milled alloys revealed irregular and layered structures for FeCoNi and FeCoNiCr alloys of mean particle sizes around 140 and 120 mu m. In contrast, the addition of Nb in these alloys, viz. FeCoNiNb and FeCoNiNbCr alloys, formed mostly spherical with irregular morphologies of particle sizes ranging between 55 and 80 mu m. It was noticed that the low solubility of Cr caused precipitation at the grain boundaries of the alloy particles, and it contributed to the formation of hard structures of irregular and layered morphologies. The observed increase in the lattice parameters and lattice strain in the solid solution phases of all-alloy systems studied was mainly due to the lattice distortion and intense plastic deformations. The maximum saturation magnetization obtained from the room temperature hysteresis loops was 150.4 emu/g for the FeCoNi alloy after 10 h of milling. The additions of non-magnetic Cr, Nb, and both into FeCoNi, caused a significant decrease in the saturation magnetization. The coercivity of the as-milled alloys was also found to decrease with the reduction in the nano-crystallite sizes, which elucidated that the crystallite sizes of the alloys were smaller than the magnetic exchange length. The high-temperature magnetization curves revealed that all alloys studied had Curie temperature higher than 700 K.
Synthesis of biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V composite reinforced with ZrO2 and bioceramic produced by powder metallurgy: Morphological, structural, and biocompatibility analysis
(Wiley, 2024) Pul, Muharrem; Erdem, Ümit; Bozer, Büşra Moran; Şimşek, Tuncay; Yılmazel, Rüstem; Erten, Mustafa Yasin
In this experimental study, the initial phase involved preparing composite structures with various mix ratios using the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, widely used in clinical applications, in conjunction with ZrO2 and hydroxyapatite (HA) synthesized via the precipitation method, employing powder metallurgy techniques. Subsequently, the microstructures of the resultant hybrid composite materials were imaged, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analyses were conducted. In the final phase of the experimental work, tests were performed to determine the biocompatibility properties of the hybrid composites. For this purpose, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were carried out. The tests and examinations revealed that structures compatible both morphologically and elementally were obtained with no phase transformations that could disrupt the structure. The incorporation of ZrO2 into the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was observed to enhance cell viability values. The value of 98.25 +/- 0.42 obtained by adding 20% ZrO2 gave the highest cell viability result. The addition of HA into the hybrid structures further increased the cell viability values by approximately 10%. All viability values for both HA-added and HA-free groups were obtained above the 70% viability level defined in the standard. According to the genotoxicity test results, the highest cytokinesis-block proliferation index values were obtained as 1.666 and 0.620 in structures containing 20% ZrO2 and 10% ZrO2 + 10% HA, respectively. Remarkably, all fabricated composite and hybrid composite materials surpassed established biocompatibility standards and exhibited nontoxic and nongenotoxic properties. This comprehensive study contributes vital insights for future biomechanical and other in vitro and in vivo experiments, as it meticulously addresses fundamental characterization parameters crucial for medical device development.
Assessment of trade-off, exergetic performance, and greenhouse gas impact-cost analysis of a diesel engine running with different proportions of TiO2, Ag2O, and CeO2 nanoadditives
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Gülcan, Halil Erdi; Erol, Derviş; Çelik, Mehmet; Bayındırlı, Cihan
In this study, the effects of adding different proportions of TiO2, Ag2O, and CeO2 nanoparticles to a threecylinder, water-cooled, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine on engine performance and exhaust emissions are experimentally investigated. The experiments are conducted at four different engine loads (10, 20, 30, and 40 Nm) and a constant engine speed (1800 rpm). TiO2, Ag2O, and CeO2 nanoparticles are added to the diesel fuel at concentrations of 50 and 75 ppm each. The test fuels used in the study are as follows: D100, DTi50, DTi75, DAg50, DAg75, DCe50 and DCe75. Using the experimental results, analyses of energy, exergy, sustainability, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impact, and cost are performed. The experimental results reveal that the use of nanoparticles in diesel fuel reduces BSFC. The highest reduction in BSFC is achieved with DTi75 fuel, averaging 9 %. Additionally, DTi75 fuel shows an average increase of 19 % in NOx emissions compared to D100 fuel, while smoke emissions decrease by an average of 30 %. The highest average increase in exergy efficiency compared to D100 fuel is obtained with DAg50 fuel (5.6 %), followed by DTi75 fuel (5.3 %). The addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel also leads to an increase in GHG emissions. Compared to D100 fuel, the highest average contribution to GHG emissions increase is shown by DTi75 fuel (12 %), while the lowest average contribution is observed with DAg50 fuel (4 %).
Application of Higher-Order Alcohols (1-Hexanol-C6 and 1-Heptanol-C7) in a Spark-Ignition Engine: Analysis and Assessment
(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Derviş
Studies on the usage of gasoline-alcohol blends as an alternative fuel in spark-ignition engines have recently gained momentum. In the present research, energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic analyses were conducted with the performance and emission values acquired by utilizing gasoline, gasoline-heptanol, and gasoline-hexanol fuels (G100, HEX5-20, and HP5-20) as a fuel under different powers at a constant speed of 1600 rpm in a single-cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition engine. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, fuel consumption also increases. NOX emission is higher, and CO and HC emissions are lower in alcohol-based fuel blends than G100 fuel. The highest thermal efficiency is 41.09% in G100 fuel at a power of 5 kW. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, thermal efficiency decreases. The highest exergy destruction and entropy generation were determined to be 6.25 kW and 0.02134 kW/K, respectively, in HP20 fuel at a power of 5 kW. Entropy generation increases with an increase in the ratio of alcohol in alcohol-based fuels. HEX20 and HP20 fuels produce 25% and 30% more entropy, respectively, compared to G100 fuel. The mass and financial costs of the damage caused by the CO2 emission of fuels to the environment were determined by conducting four different analyses using energy and exergy analysis data. According to the exergoenvironmental and exergoenviroeconomic analyses, HP20 fuel reached the highest environmental pollution values of 4538.19 kg CO2/month and 65.804 $/month, respectively. The environmental cost of the CO2 emission released from the exhaust to the atmosphere is higher in alcohol-based fuels than G100 fuel. As a result of all analyses, it was concluded that hexanol and heptanol could be alternative fuels in spark-ignition engines under particular conditions.
An experimental comparative study of the effects on the engine performance of using three different motion mechanisms in a beta-configuration Stirling engine
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Erol, Derviş
This study deals with three different Stirling engines with rhombic, slider-crank, and bell-crank motion mechanisms which have been designed and manufactured. Engine performance tests of Stirling engines with these three different motion mechanisms at different operating parameters have been carried out in a laboratory environment. During the experimental studies under consideration, the cooler and heater temperatures have been kept at 300 K (+/- 5) and 1000 K (+/- 10), respectively. Engine performance tests have been performed at different charging pressures using helium, nitrogen, and air as working fluids. Despite the fact that the Stirling engines with these three different motion mechanisms have the same sweeping volumes and technical specifications, engine performance values have been obtained differently from each other. The main reason for this difference can be explained as friction and other mechanical losses in motion mechanisms. The performance values obtained depending on the type of motion mechanism are rhombic, slider-crank, and bell-crank, from highest to lowest, respectively. The highest engine power measured among all experimental studies has been 215.48 W at 550 rpm and 4 bar charging pressure in tests using helium gas and rhombic motion mechanism. The lowest engine power among the maximum power values has been obtained as 82.5 W at 167 rpm and 4 bar charging pressure in experiments using air as the working fluid and the bell-crank motion mechanism. As a matter of fact, the highest engine power within the maximum engine power values is 161.2% higher than the lowest engine power.
Activity of nanosized copper-boron alloys against Phytophthora species
(Springer, 2024) Yiğit, Uğur; Türkkan, Muharrem; Ilhan, Hasan; Şimşek, Tuncay; Güler, Ömer; Derviş, Sibel
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of copper-boron (Cu-B) nanoalloys against a range of Phytophthora species, including P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. plurivora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma. The nanoalloys were synthesized via mechanical alloying under an argon atmosphere, resulting in the formation of nanocrystalline Cu-B nanoalloys with irregular morphology and particle sizes ranging from 50 to 240 nm. At a concentration of 250 mu g mL(-1), the Cu-B nanoalloys demonstrated complete inhibition of mycelial growth, sporangium production, and zoospore germination in all tested Phytophthora species. The EC50 values for mycelial growth ranged from 28.02 to 120.17 mu g mL(-1), while for sporangium production and zoospore germination, they were below 10 mu g mL(-1). Furthermore, the nanoalloys exhibited fungicidal activity against specific Phytophthora species, such as P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma, at concentrations of 100, 250, 250, and 250 mu g mL(-1), respectively. Notably, the Cu-B nanoalloys displayed significant protective and curative effects on tuber rot severity in P. nicotianae-inoculated potatoes, resulting in reductions of 94.13% and 92.61% compared to the control, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mu g mL(-1) (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of Cu-B nanoalloys as a promising fungicide for the management of plant diseases caused by Phytophthora spp.
A review of soft magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed amorphous and nanocrystalline powders
(Springernature, 2023) Yakın, Alican; Şimşek, Tuncay; Avar, Barış; Şimşek, Telem; Chattopadhyay, Arun K.
The development of soft magnetic materials is fundamentally important for improving operational efficiencies of the ever-growing field of power electronics, electrical motors, and generators. It requires to meet the challenges of constantly changing fields of modern areas of applications starting from spaceships to day-to-day electronics. Many new materials with soft magnetic properties, viz. ferrous alloys, soft ferrites, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic alloys, have been continuously evolving since the inception of electromagnetic induction. The main drive for the continuous improvements of soft magnetic materials is primarily to enhance energy efficiency, to reduce size and weight, and to boost the power of high-frequency power electronics and electrical machines of high rotational speed. Despite some predicaments, the amorphous and nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials have become a field of major research interest since their invention four decades ago. It has been observed that the amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys exhibit better magnetic properties than the conventional soft magnetic alloys. This group of materials is produced adapting various production techniques. In this review, amorphous, nanocrystalline, and high entropy alloys (HEA) are discussed as soft magnetic materials and their electromagnetic properties are assessed. However, this review will particularly focus on the mechanically alloyed amorphous, nanocrystalline, and HEA soft magnetic materials. The soft magnetic alloys of interest for this review are grouped on the basis of Fe, Co, Ni, and FeCoNi. Furthermore, the effect of MA parameters and subsequent annealing processes on the magnetic properties is also assessed. This review brings forth a great promise in the field of soft-core magnets for high-end applications.
A detailed analysis of a diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel-linseed oil biodiesel-ethanol blends in a thermodynamic, economic, and environmental context
(Ecopetrol Sa, 2023) Ibrahim, Gehad Yasser Aly Maher; Atak, Nisa Nur; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, Hayri
The growing demand for energy, coupled with volatile oil prices and the environmental damage caused by the harmful gases produced when it is used, has prompted countries to explore alternative energy sources. The transportation sector, an important end-user of petroleum, must adapt to the changing energy landscape and opt for new technologies to remain competitive. The study conducted a thorough thermodynamic analysis to assess the economic and environmental impact of using biodiesel (BD) made from cold-pressed linseed crude oil, commercial diesel fuel (DF), and ethanol in a compression-ignition (CI) engine. The study conducted a detailed thermodynamic analysis of performance and emission data recorded from a single-cylinder diesel engine. The analysis included energy, exergy, sustainability, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic parameters. The results pointed out that the fuel energy increases with the load, with B20E5 fuel reaching 6.887 kW at 25% load and 18.908 kW at 75% load. BD and blended fuels were found to have a higher fuel energy compared to DF. At 50% load, DF and B20 fuels have fuel energies of 10.765 kW and 10.888 kW, respectively. The analysis clearly demonstrates that commercial DF outperforms both DF-BD binary fuel blends and DF-BD-ethanol blends in terms of thermal and exergy efficiency values. Furthermore, DF exhibits lower entropy generation and exergy destruction than other binary and ternary blends. At maximum load, the exergy efficiencies of DF, B20, and B20E10 fuels were 28.5%, 25.8%, and 24.7%, respectively. The exergy losses were determined to be 10.495 kW, 12.317 kW, and 13.134 kW, respectively, under the same conditions. Binary and ternary fuel blends have a higher cost of power from the engine shaft due to the expensive market prices of ethanol and linseed oil-based BD compared to DF. However, B20 and B20E10 fuels have a lower environmental cost than DF, with B20 and B20E10 fuels estimated to be 2.8% and 5.3% lower than DF, respectively, at full load. These findings demonstrate the clear advantages of using B20 and B20E10 fuels over DF, both in terms of cost and environmental impact. Additionally, the infusion of ethanol into ternary blends reduces the environmental damage. This study provides a unique perspective on sustainable energy research and serves as a valuable reference for future studies.
Experimental assessment of a CI engine operating with 1-pentanol/diesel fuel blends
(2020) Yeşilyurt, Murat; Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş
Alcohols have been known as influential alternatives for the utilization in the compression-ignition (CI) engines. In contrast to lower-order alcohols such as methanol-C1 and ethanol-C2, long-chain alcohols (higher-order alcohols) have a hopeful future for CI engines. Pentanol-C5 or amyl alcohol, regarding its affirmative chemical and physical properties, is a type of higher alcohol that can be obtained from biomass resources and hence it has to be evaluated as an alternating and sustainable fuel candidate in diesel engine applications. The objective of this work is to explore the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine running on 1-pentanol/diesel fuel mixtures. For this aim of the experimental research, three different blends were created by infusing various ratios (10, 20, and 30% by volume) of 1-pentanol into pure diesel with implementing the splash-blending method to acquire the binary blends of Pt10, Pt20, and Pt30. The tested fuel samples were used in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with a generator. The influences of a next-generation alcohol addition to the diesel upon the engine performance along with exhaust emission levels of the tested engine were meticulously researched at six different engine loads (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 kW) with a stable speed (3000 rpm). The infusion of alcohol into the diesel fuel declined cetane number as well as the lower calorific value of the fuel blends. As a result of the study carried out, it was observed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased between 4.46- 11.78% averagely as the ratio of 1-pentanol in the mixtures increased while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) dropped up to 6.75% and 6.69%, respectively owing to the lesser energy content of the 1- pentanol. When the test engine operating with binary blends, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were obtained to be higher than that of conventional diesel fuel due to the higher latent heat of vaporization (LHV) of 1-pentanol resulting in a cooling impact in the cylinder, leading descending trend in the efficiency of the combustion. Besides, the addition of 1- pentanol to diesel caused the mitigation in smoke emission by 77.37-89.60%, carbon dioxide (CO2) by 13.06-30.83%, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) by 13.43- 41.61% on an average as compared to diesel fuel. Overall, it has been shown up that 1-pentanol might be successfully utilized as an oxygenated fuel additive to diesel fuel, however in a minimum concentration of 1-pentanol, i.e., Pt10 blend has provided luminous outcomes in terms of mitigating the EGT, smoke opacity, and especiallyNOXemissions, however at the expense of boosting in the emissions of CO and HC.
The investigation of exergoeconomic, sustainability and environmental analyses in an SI engine fuelled with different ethanol-gasoline blends
(INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD, 2020) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Kodanlı, Evren
In this study, performance and emission values were obtained under full load by using ethanol-gasoline blends as a fuel at different rates in a spark-ignition engine, and exergy, exergoeconomic and environmental analyses were performed with these values. Exergy of a fuel entering engine and lost exergies through cooling system, exhaust and radiation were calculated. CO, CO2, HC, and NO(X)emissions released from engine into environment were measured, and according to environmental analysis, cost of CO(2)emission was calculated as 393.78 USD/year for E0 fuel and as 306.78 USD/year for E30 fuel at 2,000 rpm. Ethanol-gasoline blends at different rates, environmental damage can be reduced by around 30% on an annual basis. Furthermore, with environmental analysis, lowest engine output power cost was found to be 29.77 USD/MJ in E0 fuel at 2,000 rpm, while highest engine output power cost was found to be 120 USD/MJ in E30 fuel at 4,500 rpm.
Investigation on 1-heptanol as an oxygenated additive with diesel fuel for compression-ignition engine applications: An approach in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2020) Dogan, Battal; Cakmak, Abdulvahap; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Dervis
Studies on alternative and environmentally friendly fuels for compression-ignition engines continue intensively. In this work, energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses have been conducted by evaluating performance and emission values obtained by operating with different ratios of 1-heptanol/diesel blends (Hp0, Hp5, Hp10, and Hp20) as novel fuels under a constant speed (1500 rpm) with different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and full load) in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection, compression-ignition engine. In the test engine, energy and exergy efficiencies and losses, energetic and exergetic powers, irreversibility, and destruction of the exergy for the aforementioned fuel blends have been calculated and compared with pure diesel fuel. In the tests, the highest fuel consumption was determined as 0.221 kg/kWh in HP20 fuel at 100% load because 1-heptanol has lower calorific value than that of neat diesel fuel. The energy efficiency values in different loads of diesel engine for all fuel blends (Hp0-Hp20) have been calculated to be as between 14.46% and 40.72% along with the corresponding exergy efficiency values have been found to be as between 13.43% and 37.79%. By performing emission measurements, the highest CO2 emission cost has been calculated as 66.94 USD/year at a 100% load in Hp10 fuel according to the enviroeconomic analysis. In this present research, by implementing the exergoeconomic analysis, the highest engine output power cost at a load of 25% has been noted to be at 1.6 USD/MJ for Hp20 blend. Sustainability analysis has been determined according to the SI index, and the highest index was calculated to be 1.6 at a 100% load for Hp0 fuel.

Güncel Gönderiler