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Öğe The forecasting of air transport passenger demands in Turkey by using novel meta-heuristic algorithms(Wiley, 2021) Korkmaz, Ersin; Akgüngör, Ali PayidarThe imbalance between modes of transport in our country appears as the most important problem. Therefore, in air transportation, which has a significant increasing trend, estimating the passenger demand with directly related parameters and novel algorithms is important for Turkey. In this study, different prediction models were developed applying for the first time with five different meta-heuristic algorithms which are Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC), Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), Krill Herd Algorithm (KH), and the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) to estimate Turkey's air transport demand. While developing the models, Fuel Price, Gross Domestic Product per Capita, Seat Capacity, and Annual Fuel Consumption were selected as the model parameters. Although each model developed using different approaches is applicable, quadratic and power models developed using CSA showed the highest performance. For this reason, future projections were based on these models. Air transport passenger demand was examined using two scenarios in a process until 2035. In the first scenario, according to model forms, Turkey's future air transport passenger demand will reach about 460 and 490 million passengers, respectively. In the second scenario, the number of passengers will reach approximately 375 and 660 million for quadratic and power models, respectively. The results of this study will contribute to the evaluation of the current investment plans and the development of strategic plans that will meet the demands. Additionally, they will help take necessary measures and introduce some necessary regulations to ensure the income and expense balance so that the efficiency of airline companies can be improved.Öğe The effect of sea water on the properties of concrete with silica fume admixture(Stowarzyszenie Producentow Cementu, 2010) Demir, İlhami; Yaprak, Hasbi; Şimşek, OsmanTwo series of concrete samples with silica fume addition were produced from the mixtures with tap water or sea water, as mixing water. It was found that sea water has no harmful influence on the concrete mix properties, but increase the rate of concrete hardening. This caused the increase of concrete strength, which was observed till the end of measurements i.e. till 90 days. However the increase of strength after 90 days was smaller than after 28 days.Öğe The Effect of Magnetized Water on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Slag/Fly Ash-Based Cementitious Composites(Mdpi, 2023) Sevim, Özer; Demir, İlhami; Alakara, Erdinç Halis; Güzelküçük, Selahattin; Bayer, Ismail RaciThe physicochemical structure of the mixing water used in concrete has a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of cementitious composites. The studies on the effect of magnetized water (MW) on the properties of FA/BFS-based cementitious composites are still in their infancy. This study explores the effect of MW on the fresh and hardened properties of fly ash (FA)/blast furnace slag (BFS)-based cementitious composites. A total of 22 different mixture groups having FA/BFS (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) by weight of cement were produced using tap water (TW) and MW. The fresh-state properties (the initial and final setting times and the consistency) and hardened-state properties (the compressive strength, water absorption properties, and rapid chloride ion permeability test) of produced cementitious composites were investigated. The development of hydration products was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test. The results reveal that the fresh- and hardened-state properties of cementitious composite samples produced with MW are significantly improved. The properties of the samples utilizing MW showed that FA and BFS could be used at a higher rate for the same target properties in cementitious composites by using MW as mixing water. Using up to 25% FA/BFS in cementitious composites prepared with MW is recommended.Öğe The Effect of Fiber Type and Ratio on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Marble Powder Added Fiber Concrete(Gazi Univ, 2022) Şimşek, Osman; Demir, ŞükrüIn this study, it is aimed to determine the effect of steel and macro synthetic fibers used in different ratios and types on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. For this purpose; Macro synthetic fiber was used at 0.25%, 0.30% and 0.35% by volum4, steel fiber at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by volume. Chemical additives and marble powder were used in fixed proportions. In the study, the water / cement ratio was taken as 0.54 constant according to the fiber concrete TS 802 mixture. In this research, beams of 10 x 10 x 40 cm and 15 cm cube samples were produced for fresh and hardened concrete properties. The effect of fiber type and ratio was investigated by performing physical and mechanical tests on the produced samples. As a result of the study, as the fiber ratio of fiber mixes in fresh concrete increased, workability and unit volume weights decreased. As a result, as the fiber ratio in fresh concrete increases, the fiber ratio has negatively affected the workability and the unit volume weights decreased. In hardened concrete; In hardened concrete; As the fiber ratio increased, the initial crack stress and bending stress increased. The highest mechanical and physical properties were given by 1.00% steel fiber and 0.35% macro synthetic fiber concretes.Öğe Reduction of propeller jet flow scour around a pile structure by using collar plate(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Cihan, Kubilay; Hafızoğulları, Ayşe HazelIn this study, the effect of the collar plate usage on local scour around a pile due to propeller jet flow was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out for unconfined conditions, only existence of a pile and a pile with collar plate. Three different collar plate widths (W) and two different locations of the collar plate with respect to the seabed (hc) were used to determine the effect of the collar plate on scour. Three different rotational speeds were used and scour around a pile was measured by using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Profiler (ADVP). Since the experiments were completed before reaching the equilibrium state, present study can be considered as a short-term study. The results of the experimental studies show that the amount of reduction of scour around a pile is sensitive to the collar plate width and location of the collar plate. A collar plate application is an effective way for reducing scour around a pile. The most effective type of collar plate was determined as a condition in which W/D and hc/y0 are equal to 3 and 0, respectively. The amount of reduction in scour around a pile was observed as 75%.Öğe PVC and POM gripping mechanisms for tension testing of FRP bars(Techno-Press, 2021) Başaran, Boğaçhan; Yaka, Harun; Kalkan, İlkerThe present study pertains to the introduction of two new types of grip adaptor for universal testing machines, namely Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyoxymethylene (POM) grip adaptors, and their application to tension testing of FRP bars with different fiber and surface finish types. The tabs are connected to the FRP bar sample with the help of mechanical anchors, i.e. bolts. These new adaptors offer vital superiorities over the existing end tab designs (anchors with filling material or mechanical anchorage), including the reduction in the time and labor for production, reusability and the mild nature, i.e. low hardness of the tab material, which retards and even prevents peeling and crushing in the gripping regions of an FRP sample. The methods were successfully applied to FRP bars with different types of fiber (CFRP, GFRP and BFRP) and different types of surface texture (ribbed, wrapped, sand-coated and wound). The test results indicated that the both types of end caps prevented slip of the bar, crushing and peeling in the gripping zone. The mechanical properties from the material tests with the new caps were in perfect agreement with the ones from the material tests with steel tubular caps.Öğe Bezier Search Differential Evolution algorithm based estimation models of delay parameter k for signalized intersections(Wiley, 2022) Akgüngör, Ali Payidar; Korkmaz, ErsinThis article presents a new methodology for estimating delay parameter k, and proposes analytical models which are used artificial intelligence technique for signalized intersections that considers the variation in traffic flow with under-saturated and over-saturated conditions. The delay parameter k has been expressed as a function of the degree of saturation in the proposed analytical models. Using the Bezier Search Differential Evolution algorithm (BeSD) algorithm, four different model forms were developed separately for under-saturated conditions (x <1) and over-saturated conditions (x > =1). Among the model forms developed as linear, quadratic, power, and logarithmic, the quadratic model presented the best results in both traffic conditions. In the validation of the models, a total of 140 different traffic conditions were determined, 56 of which cover the under-saturated and 84 the over-saturated traffic conditions. According to the statistical results, using k values depending on the proposed model instead of using a constant k value (0.5) provides 1.5 and 4.3 improvements for RMSE and MAPE values in under-saturated traffic conditions respectively, while these improvements in over-saturated traffic conditions have reached 9.5 and 6, respectively. As a result, using k values depending on the proposed model will be effective in obtaining a more accurate delay value. This effect is more evident, especially in over-saturated traffic conditions.Öğe Bending Behavior of RC Beams with Regular Web Openings and Non-corroding GFRP Reinforcement(Springer, 2024) Kartal, Saruhan; Kısıklı, EminThe present study pertains to the flexural behavior of RC beams with openings and non-metallic (GFRP) reinforcement. The main goal of preferring GFRP reinforcement over the conventional steel reinforcement was to safeguard the beams against the reinforcement corrosion. The presence of multiple regular transverse openings throughout the beam length increases the susceptibility of reinforcing bars to corrosion as the larger contact area in these beams with the outside environment increases the ingress of corrosive agents. Within the scope of the study, a total of 8 RC beams, including two reference beams without web openings, were tested under four-point bending. The test parameters were the flexural reinforcement ratio, the presence of short stirrups in the chords, and the presence of diagonal reinforcement spiraling around the openings. Since GFRP stirrups are difficult to bend, each stirrups was formed by connecting four individual FRP bars around the longitudinal bars. The opening circular geometry was adopted to avoid stress concentrations around the sharp corners of opening and to facilitate the placement and fixing of different schemes of reinforcement in the beams. The present tests depicted that the diagonal reinforcement around the openings have considerable contribution to the flexural behavior of RC beams with GFRP reinforcement and with multiple regular transverse openings. The RC beams with openings were able to approach their analytical flexural capacities in the presence of diagonal reinforcement for both moderately and heavily reinforced beam groups. The analytical deflection predictions of GFRP-RC beams with openings showed a good agreement with experimental data.Öğe An experimental study to determine the optimum depth of steel anchors in RC subjected to shear force(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Odacıoğlu, Orhan Gazi; Doğan, Orhan; Kale, FulyaUnlike existing in-plane strengthening RC shear-walls, anchors are used in strengthening of RC buildings to attach out-of-plane RC shear-walls or steel profiles. It is necessary to know the shear capacity as well as the ductile and nonlinear behavior of the anchor bolts as a connector to be used in the transfer of the shear force between the existing and new elements in strengthening. Considering that the existing RC structures in Turkiye are designed, according to the earthquake codes, with C14 concrete compressive strength until 1998, C18-20 until 2007, C20 until 2018 and also C25 after 2018, knowing the optimum anchorage depth depending on the concrete strength is of great importance in the strengthening analyzes of these structures. In this study, it was aimed to determine the shear performance and optimum anchorage embedment depth of steel sleeve expansion anchor bolts in RC. For this purpose, a total of 72 push-shear tests were conducted on M10 bolts for 6 different classes of low and normal strength concrete and 4 different anchorage depths. As a result of the experiment, it was observed that the shearing capacity of the anchor bolts increased with the increase of concrete strength and anchorage depth. However, for an optimum anchorage embedment depth, it has been observed that the anchor shear capacity reaches the maximum and remains constant without being affected from increment of the embedment depth and the change in concrete strength.Öğe An analysis of Type I dilemma zone at signalised intersections(Fac Transport Silesian Univ Technology, 2021) Akgüngör, Ali Payidar; Mercan, Elif ZahideIntersections, for vehicles coming from different directions, are conflict points in road networks. When a driver approaching a signalised intersection encounters the yellow light, he/she is in a dilemma either to safely stop or to pass through the intersection during clearance time. The decision to stop or to pass may change depending on some factors such as duration of yellow light, deceleration and acceleration rate, width of intersection, speed and length of vehicle, etc. This study aims to put forth the effects of some related factors affecting the length of the Type I dilemma zone. To perform this study, five factors including vehicle speed, maximum deceleration rate, perception-reaction time, clearance time, the total intersection width-vehicle length were considered and a total of 648 different traffic cases were investigated. The study results showed that the Type I dilemma zone length increased with the increase of speed, total intersection width-vehicle length and perception-reaction time, but decreased with the increase of clearance time and deceleration rate.Öğe A Review on the Physical Parameters Affecting the Bond Behavior of FRP Bars Embedded in Concrete(Mdpi, 2022) Başaran, Boğaçhan; Kalkan, İlker; Beycioglu, Ahmet; Kasprzyk, IzabelaThe present study is a detailed literal survey on the bond behavior of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. There is an urgent need for the accurate assessment of the parameters affecting the FRP-concrete bond and quantification of these effects. A significant majority of the previous studies could not derive precise and comprehensive conclusions on the effects of each of these parameters. The present study aimed at listing all of the physical parameters affecting the concrete-FRP bond, presenting the effects of each of these parameters based on the common opinions of the previous researchers and giving reasonable justifications on these effects. The studies on each of the parameters are presented in detailed tables. Among all listed parameters, the surface texture was established to have the most pronounced effect on the FRP-concrete bond strength. The bond strength values of the bars with coarse sand-coating exceeded the respective values of the fine sand-coated ones. However, increasing the concrete strength was found to result in a greater improvement in bond behavior of fine sand-coated bars due to the penetration of concrete particles into the fine sand-coating layer. The effects of fiber type, bar diameter and concrete compressive strength on the bar bond strength was shown to primarily originate from the relative slip of fibers inside the resin of the bar, also known as the shear lag effect.Öğe A novel metaheuristic optimization and soft computing techniques for improved hydrological drought forecasting(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Katipoglu, Okan Mert; Ertugay, Neşe; Elshaboury, Nehal; Aktürk, Gaye; Kartal, Veysi; Pande, Chaitanya BaliramDrought is one of the costliest natural disasters worldwide and weakens countries economically by causing negative impacts on hydropower and agricultural production. Therefore, it is necessary to create drought risk management plans by monitoring and predicting droughts. Various drought indicators have been developed to monitor droughts. This study aims to forecast Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) values with various novel metaheuristic optimization-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and deep learning models to predict 1-month lead-time hydrological droughts on 1, 3, and 12-month time scales in the Konya closed basin, one of the driest basins in Turkey. To achieve this goal, the ANN model was integrated with the Firefly Algorithm (FFA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques and compared against long shortterm memory (LSTM) networks. While establishing the SDI prediction model, lag values exceeding the 95% confidence intervals in the partial autocorrelation function graphs were used. Model performance was evaluated according to scatter matrix, radar, time series, bee swarm graphs, and statistical performance metrics. As a result of the analysis, the PSO-ANN hybrid model with (R2:0.468-0.931) at station 1611 and the FFA-ANN hybrid model with (R2:0.443-0.916) at station 1612 generally have the highest accuracy.Öğe A hybrid traffic controller system based on flower pollination algorithm and type-2 fuzzy logic optimized with crow search algorithm for signalized intersections(Springer, 2024) Korkmaz, Ersin; Akgüngör, Ali PayidarIn this study, a hybrid traffic signal control (HTSC) system based on phase and time optimization was developed. The Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) approach was used for phase optimization, while Type-2 Fuzzy Logic, optimized with the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), was utilized for time optimization. The hybrid system's performance was investigated using nine different traffic conditions and four different intersection geometries. The hybrid system was compared with three controller systems which are a fixed-time signal controller, a signal controller based on the FPA approach (FPA_TSC), and the optimized Type-1 fuzzy logic signal controller (Type-1 FL-TSC). The HTSC approach achieved the best performance with about 32% improvement over the fixed-time traffic controller and it showed 5% and 6% better performance than the FPA_TSC and Type-1 FL-TSC, respectively. Considering the performance of the new hybrid system, it is effective in minimizing delays and driver dissatisfaction occurring from signalization. It also contributes to the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption. The HTSC approach can be used as an alternative signal control method in the control of intersections with high traffic volume due to its fast and effective performance.Öğe The Effects of Reinforcement Ratio on Flexural Behavior in Hybrid (GFRP-Steel) Reinforced Concrete Beams(Gazi Univ, 2021) Kaya, Nalan; Avanoğlu Sıcacık, Eda; Bakırcı Er, Şule; Kopraman, Yağmur; Büyükkaragöz, AlperIn this study, flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams were investigated theoretically and by the finite element method. Within the scope of the study, beams with identical geometry and concrete compressive strength; designed as having different reinforcement ratios. The results obtained from the theoretical work and finite element method were commentated by using load-displacement curves, load carrying capacities and strain indices. The effects of the fibrous polymer / steel ratio (Af / As) on the stiffness, strength and midpoint displacement of the beams were investigated. In addition, the effects of reinforcement ratio on load carrying capacity and deformability indexes were investigated.Öğe Investigation of the effect of the relative density and shear strain on liquefaction of sands(Pamukkale Univ, 2021) Beyaz, Turgay; Kayabalı, Kamil; Sönmezer, Yetiş BülentLiquefaction potential of non-cohesive soils is determined by field tests such as SPT, CPT, which use the stress approach, and laboratory tests such as three-dimensional dynamic shear, torsional shear, resonant column, and bender element tests. Recently, the approach of energy has been used to estimate the liquefaction potential of sands. The main parameters used in this approach are relative density and effective stress of the ground. In this study, Cyclic Simple Shear Test arrangement is used. In this study, the effect of shear strain and relative density on the liquefaction energy of the sands were investigated. In the study, clean fine marine sands were used. In this study, 3 different relative densities for a sand sample (Dr= 40%, 55% and 70%); 4 different stresses (av= 50, 100, 200 ve 300 kPa), and pore water pressure (u= 25, 50, 75 ye 150 kPa). Totally of 36 experiments were performed in and 3 different deformation rates (y= 2%, 3.5%, and 5%). The harmonic loading was applied to the experimental samples at a frequency (I) of 0.1 Hz. The effect of relative density, deformation rate and vertical stress conditions on the liquefaction energy of sands has been demonstrated for a type of fine-grained clean sea sand. The increase in the shear strain rate reduces the liquefaction potential by about 3%. The increase in relative density, increases the shear resistance of the sand. This delay liquefaction and causes an increase in the number of cycles.Öğe Placement and sizing strategies for dynamic wireless charging stations on signalized intersection corridors(Pamukkale Univ, 2022) Doğan, ErdemDynamic wireless charging stations are a potential solution to the range problem of the limited battery capacity of electric vehicles. However, the infrastructure of these stations is costly, so it is important to position the wireless charging tracks (WCT) of the stations. This study proposes strategies in two different groups for positioning and sizing the charging stations on signalized corridors. The first group consists of two predefined strategies, while the second includes strategies using Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The performance of these strategies was tested taking into account various BEV ratios (rEv) and maximum WCT lengths. Analysis results showed GWO and WOA is presented high-efficiency placement plans in the majority of cases studied. Surprisingly, however, with increasing rEv, the predefined strategies showed better performances in some cases than that of GWO and WOA. Another notable finding is that the efficiency of the station can be increased by using more WCTs at the corridor entrances. This study presents results that have the potential to contribute to the solution of the problem of positioning and sizing wireless charging stations for intersection corridors and were not highlighted in previous studies.Öğe Bingöl İl Merkezinde Taşkın Yayılım Alanlarının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve HEC-RAS ile Belirlenmesi(2020) Çelikler, Murat; Koçer, Nilüfer Nacar; Yıldız, OsmanTaşkın, ülkemizde en sık görülen doğal afetler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle, taşkın yayılım alanlarının önceden belirlenmesi, taşkın riskinin azaltılması ve buna bağlı olarak can ve mal güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve HEC-RAS yardımıyla Bingöl İl merkezinden geçen Çapakçur, Gayt ve Göynük çaylarının kent içerisinde oluşturacağı taşkın su derinliklerinin ve yayılım alanlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için, sentetik birim hidrograflardan elde edilen 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 ve 1.000 yıllık tekerrür sürelerine ait taşkın pik debileri kullanılarak HEC-RAS ile bu derelerin il merkezinden geçen kısımlarının hidrolik modellemeleri yapılmıştır. İl merkezine ait 1/1.000 ölçekli hali hazır haritalardan elde edilen verilerin modele tanımlanması ArcGIS üzerinde çalışan HEC-GeoRAS ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. HEC-RAS yardımıyla elde edilen hidrolik model sonuçlarına göre CBS ortamında hazırlanan taşkın yayılım haritalarında, göz önüne alınan taşkın debilerinin sebep olduğu maksimum su derinliğinin 8,12–9,62 m, su yayılım alanının ise 635.402- 1.561.982 m2 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Elde edilen bu taşkın yayılım haritaları, bölgenin ileriye yönelik yerleşim ve kalkınma planları için önemli bir veri kaynağı niteliği taşımaktadır.Öğe Atık Fosfojipslerin Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Ekonomiye Geri Kazandırılması(2015) Demirel, Yusuf; Çağlar, YasinDepolanması sırasında ekolojik dengeye zarar veren fosfojipsin, içerdiği safsızlıklar nedeniyle kullanımı sınırlı olmakla birlikte, yıkama ve kalsine etme yolu ile bu safsızlıkların giderilmesi mümkündür. Bu araştırmada, Türkiye’deki atık fosfojipslerin yol açtığı büyük çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi ve yapı malzemesi olarak ekonomiye geri kazandırılabilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, doğal baz alçı, fosfojips ve belirli oranlarda karıştırılmış doğal baz alçı ve fosfojips karışımı üzerinde bir dizi fiziksel analiz yapılmıştır. Bu üç malzeme üzerinde yapılan fiziksel analizler; kristal suyu tayini, elek analizi, priz (donma) süresi ve yayılma çapı tayini, Ph belirleme, rutubet miktarının tayini, eğilmede çekme mukavemeti ve eksenel basınç mukavemeti tayinidir. Fosfojips ve doğal baz alçının karışım oranları Ph derecelerine göre belirlenmiştir. Doğal baz alçının Ph derecesi 6-7, fosfojipsin Ph derecesi ise 3’tür. Fosfojipsin asidik özelliğinin yapı malzemesi olarak kullanımını sınırlandırması nedeniyle karışım halinde kullanılmasında yarar görülmüştür. Bu amaçla Ph dengesini ve granülometrisini ayarlamak amacıyla birçok karışım hazırlanmıştır. Uygun karışım %15 fosfojips - %85 doğal baz alçı olarak bulunmuştur. Eğilmede çekme mukavemeti ve eksenel basınç mukavemeti deneyleri yapılmış, priz alma süresi de dikkate alınarak yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılabilirliği ve maliyeti irdelenmiştir.Öğe Siltli Kumlarda Gerilme Kontrollü ve Deformasyon Kontrollü Sıvılaşma Testlerinin Karşılaştırılması(2020) Sönmezer, Yetiş BülentDeprem esnasında farklı tane çaplarında ve ince tane içeriğindeki siltli kumların sıvılaşma davranışı aynı olmayıp bu tür zeminlerin sıvılaşma mekanizmasını anlamak geoteknik deprem mühendisliğinin önemli konularından biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada iki farklı gradasyondaki 20/30 ve 30/50 kumlarına, %5 ve %30 oranında silt karıştırılarak hazırlanan siltli-kum numuneleri üzerinde, dinamik basit kesme test cihazı kullanılarak deformasyon kontrollü ve gerilme kontrollü testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar deformasyon kontrollü ve gerilme kontrollü testlerin sonuçları arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir. Ancak silt içeriğinin artışı ile hem 20/30 kumu ve hem de 30/50 kumuna ait siltli-kum numunelerinin sıvılaşmaya karşı dirençleri azalmıştır. Ayrıca rölatif sıkılığın artışı ile tüm numunelerin sıvılaşmaya karşı direnci artmıştır.Öğe Comparison of short- and long-term ASR test methods on cementitious composites(2020) Sivrikaya, Burak; Demir, İlhami; Sevim, ÖzerConcrete has a significant place in construction structures, is a material that can be easily damaged due to incorrect design, incorrect material selection. Concrete may be damaged by physical and chemical factors. One of these factors is the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). ASTM C1260, is a short-term test method, and ASTM C227, is a longterm test method, are used to measure effect of alkali-silica reaction. In this study, the effect of fly ash additive use with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% replacement of cement was investigated in short- and long-term ASR test methods. For this purpose, while samples prepared for ASTM C1260 were kept in NaOH solution 14-days, samples prepared for ASTM C227 were waited 360-days in normal water solution. As a result; mortar bars with 20% fly ash additive ratio were classified as harmless for ASR in both test methods.
