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Zinc Ameliorates Nogo-A Receptor and Osteocalcin Gene Expression in Memory-Sensitive Rat Hippocampus Impaired by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Streptozotocin
(Springernature, 2023) Gumus, Haluk; Baltaci, Saltuk Bugra; Unal, Omer; Gulbahce-Mutlu, Elif; Mogulkoc, Rasim; Baltaci, Abdulkerim Kasim
Metabolic dysfunction is a critical step in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this progressive neurological disorder, impaired zinc homeostasis has a key role that needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc deficiency and administration on hippocampal Nogo-A receptor and osteocalcin gene expression in rats injected with intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (icv-STZ). Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups in equal numbers: Sham 1 group received icy artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF); Sham 2 group received icy a CSF and i.p. saline; STZ group received 3 mg/kg icy STZ; STZ-Zn-deficient group received 3 mg/kg icy STZ and fed a zinc-deprived diet; STZ-Zn-supplemented group received 3 mg/kg icy STZ and i.p. zinc sulfate (5 mg/kg/day). Hippocampus tissue samples were taken following the cervical dislocation of the animals under general anesthesia. Nogo-A receptor and osteocalcin gene expression levels were determined by real-time-PCR method. Zinc supplementation attenuated the increase in hippocampal Nogo-A receptor gene expression, which was significantly increased in zinc deficiency. Again, zinc supplementation upregulated the intrinsic protective mechanisms of the brain by activating osteocalcin-expressing cells in the brain. The results of the study show that zinc has critical effects on Nogo-A receptor gene expression and hippocampal osteocalcin gene expression levels in the memory-sensitive rat hippocampus that is impaired by icv-STZ injection. These results are the first to examine the effect of zinc deficiency and supplementation on hippocampal Nogo-A receptor and osteocalcin gene expression in icv-STZ injection in rats.
Young children's sleep patterns and problems in paediatric primary healthcare settings: a multicentre cross-sectional study from a nationally representative sample
(Wiley, 2022) Boran, Perran; Ergin, Ahmet; Us, Mahmut Caner; Dinleyici, Meltem; Velipasaoglu, Sevtap; Yalcin, Siddika Songul; Barutcu, Adnan
Studies describing paediatric sleep patterns are needed by taking culture into consideration. The aim of this study was to identify parent-reported sleep-wake patterns in young children and explore possible factors influencing sleep problems. The mothers of 2,434 young children enrolled from well-child outpatient clinics in Turkey completed an online survey including sociodemographic variables, Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Generalised Anxiety Disorder scales. Overall, young children in Turkey go to bed late (10:00 p.m.), awaken twice per night for 30 min, and obtain 11.5 h of total sleep, showing no sex-specific differences. Distinct night-time sleep patterns emerged after 18 months of age. Importantly, although currently breastfed healthy children were 3.8-times less likely to sleep through the night, total sleep duration and exclusive breastfeeding duration were higher in children who were not sleeping through the night. Overall, bedsharing was identified in 11.5%, and only room sharing was reported in 52.9%. Parental perception of a child's sleep as problematic was 35.8%. Mothers with higher educational attainment were more likely to perceive their children's sleep as a problem. Maternal depressive and anxious symptoms and a history of excessive infant crying were the determinants predicting the likelihood of both parent-perceived sleep problems and poor sleepers. The present analysis of sleep structure in infancy and toddlerhood provides reference data for well-child visits. These findings highlight the importance of considering maternal anxiety, depression and behaviour management techniques to cope with fussy infants in addressing childhood behavioural sleep problems.
Wii Fit Exercise's Effects on Muscle Strength and Fear of Falling in Older Adults With Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
(Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 2024) Ugur, Fatma; Sertel, Meral
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how Wii Fit exercises affect muscle strength and fear of falling in older adults with Alzheimer's disease. Method: The study included a total of 32 volunteers with Alzheimer's disease, aged 65-80 years. These participants were divided into two groups: the exercise group and the control group. The exercise group received a 30-min (one session) twice-weekly exercise program for 6 weeks with games selected from different categories, such as balance and aerobic exercises, with the Nintendo Wii virtual reality device. During this period, the control group did not receive any treatment, and routine medical treatments continued. At baseline and 6 weeks later, Mini-Mental State Examination, knee extension muscle strength, Timed Up and Go Test, and Tinetti Fall Efficacy Scale results were recorded in the exercise and control groups. Results: In intragroup comparison, a statistically significant difference was found in all tests (muscle strength, Timed Up and Go Test, and Tinetti Fall Efficacy Scale) in the exercise group after the exercise program (p < .05), while no significant difference was found in the control group (p > .05). According to the interaction of group and time in the intergroup comparison, there was no difference between the groups (exercise and control group) in muscle strength and Timed Up and Go Test (p > .05), but there was a difference in Tinetti Fall Efficacy Scale (p < .05). Conclusions: This randomized controlled trial supports the claim that Wii Fit exercises can reduce the fear of falling in older adults with Alzheimer's disease.
You are an astroneer: the effects of robotics camps on secondary school students' perceptions and attitudes towards STEM
(Springer, 2022) Ucgul, Memet; Altiok, Serhat
Creativity, critical thinking, communication and collaboration are thought to be the core skills that will enable students to be successful in the future. Economic and social development of a nation is associated with the individuals' such new skills, which are commonly referred as the twenty-first-century skills. However, the educational methods used in transmitting knowledge from teachers to students are not capable enough to bring up such competent individuals. The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education is a promising approach to help students gain those skills and robotics offers opportunities to integrate STEM education. This study aims to investigate the effects of robotics summer camps with STEM activities on students' perception and attitudes towards STEM. The researchers organized two robotics summer camps in 2017 and 2018 with 48 students. Data were collected by using the STEM Perception Test and STEM Attitude Test. The pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design without a control group was used in the study. Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks tests showed that students' perceptions towards STEM increased at the first robotics camp; however, students' attitudes towards STEM did not change significantly in both robotics camps. Furthermore, mathematics sub-dimension of STEM perception at the first camp and science sub-dimension of STEM attitude at the second camp significantly increased.
Whole-genome analyses disentangle reticulate evolution of primroses in a biodiversity hotspot
(Wiley, 2023) Stubbs, Rebecca L.; Theodoridis, Spyros; Mora-Carrera, Emiliano; Keller, Barbara; Yousefi, Narjes; Potente, Giacomo; Leveille-Bourret, Etienne
Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Caucasus mountains, provide unprecedented opportunities for understanding the evolutionary processes that shape species diversity and richness. Therefore, we investigated the evolution of Primula sect. Primula, a clade with a high degree of endemism in the Caucasus. We performed phylogenetic and network analyses of whole-genome resequencing data from the entire nuclear genome, the entire chloroplast genome, and the entire heterostyly supergene. The different characteristics of the genomic partitions and the resulting phylogenetic incongruences enabled us to disentangle evolutionary histories resulting from tokogenetic vs cladogenetic processes. We provide the first phylogeny inferred from the heterostyly supergene that includes all species of Primula sect. Primula. Our results identified recurrent admixture at deep nodes between lineages in the Caucasus as the cause of non-monophyly in Primula. Biogeographic analyses support the 'out-of-the-Caucasus' hypothesis, emphasizing the importance of this hotspot as a cradle for biodiversity. Our findings provide novel insights into causal processes of phylogenetic discordance, demonstrating that genome-wide analyses from partitions with contrasting genetic characteristics and broad geographic sampling are crucial for disentangling the diversification of species-rich clades in biodiversity hotspots.
Widespread eruption after blood transfusion during phototherapy in a newborn
(Wiley, 2024) Tandircioglu, Umit Ayse; Alan, Serdar
[Abstract No tAvailable]
Why Did Housing Prices Rise to a Record Level in Turkey? An Empirical Analysis
(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2023) Yasar, Reha Z.; Bulut, Erdem
Turkey is one of those countries where housing market has been most severely affected by COVID-19 pandemic. Today the effects of the outbreak have been eliminated significantly. This study retrospectively looks at the days when the world faced a widespread outbreak of a pandemic and investigates the effect of the pandemic and the changes in consumer confidence on housing prices and the volatility of housing prices. Considering the structural breaks in the analysis period (2010:q1-2022:q4 quarterly), we used the Lee and Strazicich structural break unit root test as a research method. The results show that an increase in costs due to a break in the supply chain and containment measures forcing the workforce to stay at home affected the housing supply adversely. It is observable that expansionary economic policies and social assistance programs have a positive effect on housing demand. In this regard, negative supply shock and positive demand pressure are seen to be the determinants of the recent housing price increases in Turkey. However, while there is a positive relationship between consumer confidence and house prices, the effect of house prices on the volatility is statistically insignificant.
Weighted inequalities for discrete iterated kernel operators
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Gogatishvili, Amiran; Pick, Lubos; Unver, Tugce
We develop a new method that enables us to solve the open problem of characterizing discrete inequalities for kernel operators involving suprema. More precisely, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions under which there exists a positive constant C such that (Sigma(n is an element of z)(Sigma(n)(t = -infinity) U(i, n)a(i))(q)w(n))(1/q) <= C(Sigma(n is an element of Z)a(n)(p)v(n))(1/p) holds for every sequence of nonnegative numbers where {a(n)}(nzZ) where U is a kernel satisfying certain regularity condition, 0 < p,q <= infinity and (u(n))(nzZ) and {w(n)}(nzZ) are fixed weight sequences. We do the same for the inequality (Sigma(n is an element of z)w(n)(sup-infinity<= n U(i, n) Sigma(i)(j=-infinity) a(j)](q))(1/q) <= C(Sigma(n is an element of Z)a(n)(p)v(n))(1/p) . We characterize these inequalities by conditions of both discrete and continuous nature.
Weighted inequalities involving Hardy and Copson operators
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Gogatishvili, Amiran; Pick, Lubos; Unver, Tugce
We characterize a four-weight inequality involving the Hardy operator and the Copson operator. More precisely, given p(1), p(2), q(1), q(2) is an element of (0, infinity), we find necessary and sufficient conditions on non-negative measurable functions u(1), u(2), v(1), v(2) on (0, infinity) for which there exists a positive constant c such that the inequality (integral(infinity)(0)(integral(t)(0)f(s)(p2) v(2)(s)(p2)ds)(q2/p2) u(2)(t)(q2)dt)(1/q2) <= c(integral(infinity)(0)(integral(infinity)(t)f(s)(p1) v(1) (s)(p1) ds)(q1/p1) u(1)(t)(q1)dt)(1/q1) holds for every non-negative measurable function f on (0, infinity). The proof is based on discretizing and antidiscretizing techniques. The principal innovation consists in development of a new method which carefully avoids duality techniques and therefore enables us to obtain the characterization in previously unavailable situations, solving thereby a long-standing open problem. We then apply the characterization of the inequality to the establishing of criteria for embeddings between weighted Copson spaces Cop(p1,q1)(u(1), v(1)) and weighted Cesaro spaces Ces(p2,q2)(u(2), v(2)), and also between spaces S-q(w) equipped with the norm parallel to f parallel to(Sq(w)) = (integral(infinity)(0)[f**(t) - f*(t)](q)w(t) dt)(1/q) and classical Lorentz spaces of type Lambda. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.
White Spot Lesions After Orthodontic Treatment: Who Should Treat?
(Aves, 2007) Gelgor, I. Erhan; Buyukyilmaz, Tamer
The aim of this study was to evaluate alternative treatment methods of the white spot lesions after orthodontic treatment, and also to discuss which department must treat these lesions. Orthodontics or restorative dentistry? In general, applications of the microabrasion technique to remove white spot lesions were very effective in the mild and sever lesions but in the deep cavitation lesions composite restorations are inevitable.
Wear Resistance of Aluminum Alloy A356 After Thorough Anodic Oxidation
(Springer, 2023) Basyigit, Aziz Baris; Azakli, Zeki; Gumruk, Recep; Bican, Osman
The efficiency of thorough anodic oxidation of ASTM A356 aluminum alloy as an alternative to painting its surface is studied. Microstructure, phase composition, and microhardness of oxidized layers of various thicknesses (45, 65, 80 and 90 mu m) are determined. Solid particle erosion tests are conducted in accordance with ASTM G76 and MIL STD 3033. It is established that with an increase in oxidized layer thickness aluminum alloy wear resistance is reduced and the surface roughness is reduced.
Web Structure and Silk Spinning Apparatus Morphology of Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille 1806 (Araneae, Uloboridae) Spider
(Hard, 2024) Ocal, Ilkay Corak; Kayhan, Nazife Yigit; Aktas, Ummuguelsum Hanife
The web- building skills of spiders made them strong from the evolutionary aspect. Spider webs are used in hunting, building nests, setting traps, and movement. The structure of web architecture, that of adhesive materials being produced, and that of cribellate offer important clues in order to understand their hunting behaviors. Spiders have different silk -spinning apparatuses, allowing them to produce different types of silk fibrils. While some spider species rely on webs for survival in nature, others can survive without them. Even though basic taxonomic features remain constant, the silk -spinning apparatuses of spiders might be subjected to adaptive variations. In the present study, the structural organization of the silk -spinning apparatus and the web architecture of the web -maker spider Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 were observed by making use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The web structure of U. walckenaerius, the characteristics of the spinnerets, especially the posterior spinneret, and the arrangement of the spigots are reported in this study. Adaptations of the silk -spinning apparatus, which has provided an evolutionary success to U. walckenaerius, were also analyzed. It was determined that the web structure consisted of very fine nanofibers and, differing from other groups, there also were crimped silk fibrils.
Weighted Inequalities for a Superposition of the Copson Operator and the Hardy Operator
(Springer Birkhauser, 2022) Gogatishvili, Amiran; Mihula, Zdenek; Pick, Lubos; Turcinova, Hana; Unver, Tugce
We study a three-weight inequality for the superposition of the Hardy operator and the Copson operator, namely (integral(b)(a)(integral(b)(t)integral(s)(a) f(tau)p upsilon(tau)d tau)(q/p) u(s) ds)(r/q)w(t)dt)(1/r) <= C integral(b)(a) f(t) dt, in which (a, b) is any nontrivial interval, q, r are positive real parameters and p is an element of (0, 1]. A simple change of variables can be used to obtain any weighted L-p-norm with p >= 1 on the right-hand side. Another simple change of variables can be used to equivalently turn this inequality into the one in which the Hardy and Copson operators swap their positions. We focus on characterizing those triples of weight functions (u, v, w) for which this inequality holds for all nonnegative measurable functions f with a constant independent of f. We use a newtype of approach based on an innovative method of discretization which enables us to avoid duality techniques and therefore to remove various restrictions that appear in earlier work. This paper is dedicated to Professor Stefan Samko on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
Weak partial metric spaces and some fixed point results
(Univ Politecnica Valencia, Editorial Upv, 2012) Altun, I.; Durniaz, C.
The concept of partial metric p on a nonempty set X was Introduced by Matt hews [8]. One of the most interesting properties of a partial metric is that p(x, x) may not be zero for x epsilon X. Also, each partial metric p on a nonempty set X generates a To topology on X. By omitting the small self-distance axiom of partial metric, Heckmann [7] defined the weak partial metric space. In the present paper, we give some fixed point results on weak partial metric spaces.
Warm up with music and visual feedback can effect Wingate performance in futsal players
(Bmc, 2022) Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Eken, Oezgur; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Bayer, Ramazan; Gulu, Mehmet; Akyildiz, Zeki; Nobari, Hadi
Purpose: Visual feedback and music while warm up may help elicit peak performance, but its effect during the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in futsal players is unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of music and visual stimulus on WAnT performance in futsal players. Methods: The study included 17 young male futsal players (age, 21.53 +/- 1.32 years; height, 177.59 +/- 5.75 cm; 73.71 +/- 9.31 kg; BMI 23.342 +/- .47). The WAnT was administered using three distinct protocols: with music (M), without music (NM), and with music and visual feedback (MV) following a 10-min warm-up at 72-h intervals. After WAnT, the following parameters were evaluated: (a) peak power output: PPO (W), (b) relative peak power output: RPPO (W/kg), (c) mean power output: MPO (W), (d) relative mean power output: RMPO (W/kg), (e) fatigue index: FI (%), and (f) minimum power output MIPO (W). Results: MV indicated that futsal players' WAnT values, including PPO, RPPO, MPO, RMPO, and MIPO improved more than with other protocols (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between protocols for FI (%) WAnT values (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Listening to music and watching visual feedback while warm up before performing WAnT performance suggest to coaches and futsal players.
Vitex Agnus-Castus L. Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Assessment of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Ekici, Seda; Bozkaya, Esra; Bozkaya, Ogun; Cerci, Nebahat Aytuna; Aluc, Yasar; Ekici, Husamettin
This study was aimed to synthesise antimicrobial and therapeutic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis method using Vitex agnus-castus L. (VAC) seed extract. The synthesised VAC seed extract coated AgNPs were characterised by UV-Vis spectrometry, Zeta analysis and FT-IR spectrometry. The antifungal, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity by MTT assay, and anticarcinogenic activities on HeLa cells line were investigated. VACAgNPs exhibited high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with a zone diameter of 11.3 +/- 0.6 mm. In addition, the cytotoxicity of VAC-AgNPs was evaluated using the L929 fibroblast cell line and the HeLa cells line, with AgNPs applied at six different concentrations. At a concentration of 5.0 mM, viability was found to be 47.6%+/- 4.2% in L929 fibroblast cells and 39.6%+/- 7.9% in HeLa cells, suggesting a potential antiproliferative effect of VAC-AgNPs on HeLa cancer cells. The IC50 values of VAC-AgNPs against the HeLa cell line were calculated as 2.94 mu g/ml.
Views of senior nursing students on the concept of old age: a metaphor study
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Kirca, Kamile; Oztuerk, Elif Sozeri; Kahraman, Burcu Bayrak
Metaphors are part of everyday language as they help us to communicate effectively and allow us to reveal meaning to concepts. Older adults have been described using metaphors like 'Tsunami' in western countries. However, it is unknow which metaphors are used to describe older adults in Turkey. The aim of this study was to reveal the perceptions of the concept of aging among fourth year nursing students through metaphors. This study employed phenomenology, which is a qualitative research design. All fourth-year nursing students in the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences of a Turkish university constituted the study population. The study was completed with the participation of 60 students. The data were collected in May-June 2022. To reveal the metaphors that each nursing student considered representative for the concept of 'aging,' they were asked to complete the following sentence: 'Aging is like & mldr; because & mldr; .' In qualitative research, metaphors can help simplify complex and/or multidimensional concepts through connecting one familiar concept to another familiar one, resulting in the comparison between the two concepts opening up new possibilities and perspectives. Metaphors provide structure to data and aid understanding of a familiar process in a new light. The metaphors and their justifications, written by students in their own handwriting, were used as the main data source in this study. Students completed the questionnaire in one session. The completion of the form took approximately 20 minutes. The mean age of the students was 22.5 +/- 1.4 years, and 78.3% of them were female. In analyzing the data, a content analysis approach comprising coding, the identification of themes, and grouping of data according to codes and themes was used. The metaphors produced by the students were categorized as 'positive' and 'negative.' In the positive category, there were 10 metaphors formed by 43 (71.7%) nursing students. Fourteen metaphors by 17 (28.3%) nursing students were identified in the negative category. The most commonly used metaphors were found to be 'tree,' 'flower,' 'kid,' and 'book.' It was observed that the students perceived the concept of old age as a process that helped individuals gain knowledge and experience and a guiding process. In order to increase and maintain a positive attitude toward the older people, it can be recommended to include more topics and practices related to old age.
Video based professional development on pedagogical documentation: a yearlong study with early childhood teachers
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Sahin, Figen; Yilmaz, Arif; Buldu, Mehmet; Aras, Selda; Buldu, Metehan; Akgul, Esra
This study examined how a video-based professional development (VBPD) initiative influenced early childhood teachers' practices. A purposive sample of 22 early childhood education teachers voluntarily participated in this study. The confidentiality of all participants was assured and their informed consent was obtained prior to the study. The design of the study was qualitative in nature and video based interventions were carried out during the research process. The study data was drawn from a larger study and collected through informal and semi-structured individual interviews. A constant comparative method of data analysis was utilised in the study. The themes identified in the data were guiding teachers' practices; self-awareness and desire to improve. The teachers expressed that VBPD was supportive for instructional awareness, instructional assessment practices, and the quantity and quality of classroom interaction. Furthermore, from the teachers' perspectives, the VBPD was found to improve their self-awareness and aid them in staying up-to-date professionally.
Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19: a report from Turkey
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2021) Alpcan, Aysegul; Tursun, Serkan; Kandur, Yasar
Several studies have demonstrated that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with better prognosis and outcomes in infectious diseases. We aimed to compare the vitamin D levels of paediatric patients with mild/moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and a healthy control group. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were hospitalised at our university hospital with the diagnosis of COVID-19 during the period between 25 May 2020 and 24 December 2020. The mean age of the COVID-19 patients was 10.7 +/- 5.5 years (range 1-18 years); 43 (57.3%) COVID-19 patients were male. The mean serum vitamin D level was significantly lower in the COVID-19 group than the control group (21.5 +/- 10.0 vs. 28.0 +/- 11.0 IU, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients with vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than the control group (44% vs. 17.5%, P < 0.001). Patients with low vitamin D levels were older than the patients with normal vitamin D levels (11.6 +/- 4.9 vs. 6.2 +/- 1.8 years, P = 0.016). There was a significant male preponderance in the normal vitamin D group compared with the low vitamin D group (91.7% vs. 50.8%, P = 0.03). C-reactive protein level was higher in the low vitamin D group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (9.6 +/- 2.2 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.6 mg/l, P = 0.074). Our study provides an insight into the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 for future studies. Empiric intervention with vitamin D can be justified by low serum vitamin D levels.
Variation of fundamental features of cobalt surface-layered Bi-2212 superconductor materials with diffusion annealing temperature
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Oz, Ilker; Terzioglu, Cabir; Oz, Muhammed; Ulgen, Asaf Tolga; Turkoz, Mustafa Burak; Erdem, Umit; Yildirim, Gurcan
The present study appears extensively on the role of diffusion annealing temperature intervals 650-850 degrees C on electrical conductivity, flux pinning ability, superconducting and crystallinity quality of Cobalt (Co) surface -layered Bi-2212 compounds with experimental tests including dc resistivity, bulk density, X-ray diffraction, critical current density measurements, and theoretical calculations. Experimental findings display that the Co ions may be replaced mostly by bismuth sites in the crystal lattice as a consequence of appropriate cation -vacancy, electron configurations of the outer shell, chemical valence states, and electronegativity of chemical contents in the main composition. The fundamental characteristic features refine considerably with 650 degrees C annealing temperature due to enhancement of antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the clusters of micro -domains, re-ordering of Cu-O bonds, stabilization of system, pairing mechanism, modulation of insulating Bi-O double layers, and orbital hybridization mechanisms. Accordingly, bulk Bi-2212 ceramic obtained at optimum annealing temperature exhibits the best conductivity because of a decrease in systematic crystallinity problems and potential grain boundary interaction problems expected in the system. Likewise, the optimum annealing temperature triggers the artificial nucleation regions for 2D discrete pancakelike Abrikosov vortices to decelerate thermal fluxon movements. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction results indicate that optimum Co ions in crystal lattice significantly improve crystal structure quality, grain alignment distributions in c-axis orientation, the extension of high-Tc Bi-2223 superconducting phase, and average crystallite size parameters. Additionally, the nucleation activation energy is noticed to reduce with optimum Co ions due to enhancement in the nucleation stability and crystallization temperature values to higher temperature zones. Namely, optimum Co ions easily diffusing into the lattice points support the formation of surface nucleation. In contrast, after a critical value of 650 degrees C, the characteristic properties mentioned suppress remarkably. In conclusion, the main characteristic features are extensively improved by the optimum diffusion annealing temperature for usage in novel and feasible market areas.

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