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Öğe Treatment of Anaphylaxis(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe The Aetiology of Anaphylaxis(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe Symptoms and Findings for Anaphylaxis(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe Risk Factors for Anaphylaxis(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Muluk, Nuray Bayar[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe What is vasomotor rhinitis?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Arslan, İbrahim; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Milkov, MarioThe use of the term "vasomotor rhinitis" has been abandoned in many countries and guidelines because it assumes a mechanism of vascular changes which do not exist. The condition previously described by the term VMR is a form of neurogenic nonallergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) encompasses rhinitis symptoms without allergic sensitisation or infectious aetiology. Two major subtypes exist: an eosinophilic inflammatory endotype including nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES), local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) and a neurogenic endotype which includes gustatory rhinitis, rhinitis of the elderly and idiopathic rhinitis. This second endotype includes what was called VMR. Vasomotor rhinitis therefore can be defined as a nonallergic type of rhinitis not connected to allergic responses, infective agents, anatomical anomaly, systemic disorders or drug misuse. The diagnosis is made after excluding other potential diagnoses and after negative allergy testing. There may be multiple causes. In this chapter, VMR will be defined as an essential, chronic, nonallergic pattern of rhinitis in which cutaneous allergy testing is negative, there is no rise in serum IgE and nasal cytology fails to show evidence of inflammation. In this chapter, VMR is reviewed in detail. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe What is the significance of rhinitis in otitis media with effusion?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Altintaş, Mustafa; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Peng, Kevin A.Otitis media with effusion (OME) is also termed serous otitis media. It is a condition in which there is fluid (effusion) from the middle ear, but there are no features of acute infection. Whilst OME is often referred to as "glue ear", this is only appropriate where the fluid has been occurring for a prolonged period and the middle ear contains viscous liquid with the consistency of glue. OME frequently follows an acute middle ear infection, but acute otitis media need not precede the condition, which can also arise if the eustachian tubes are not working. To explain the link between OME and AR, we can posit either a mechanism of local allergy in the respiratory-type epithelium within the middle ear space or an inflammatory response induced by malfunctioning eustachian tubes or conclude that the pathogenesis is currently unknown. One probable pathogenetic mechanism is for the initial event to be the eustachian tube ceasing to function on account of oedema associated with allergic-type inflammation in the respiratory epithelium, followed by secondary inflammation in the ear itself. Allergic disorders (AR, atopic dermatitis and asthma) are more common in individuals with OME. In this chapter, rhinitis and otitis media with effusion are reviewed in all aspects. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe What is honeymoon rhinitis?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Koçyiğit, Murat; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Soo, Gordon; Bedrosian, Jeffrey C.The ventromedial portion of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, together with the nearby lateral reticular formation in the pons and medulla, is the neuroanatomical regions responsible for sneezing. These areas apparently control several groups of muscles which work together to produce sneezes: those in the pharynx, those within the larynx proper and the muscles of respiration. Sexually induced sneezing is not triggered by irritation of the nasal cavity nor by allergenic stimulation. It may happen at any stage during sex. One term to describe the phenomenon is "honeymoon rhinitis". Honeymoon rhinitis thus refers to the situation where sexual activity leads to nasal symptoms, including sneezing, rhinorrhoea and stuffiness (i.e. congestion). Potentially, honeymoon rhinitis may be present in both males and females for their whole lives, but patient reticence about mentioning bizarre and embarrassing symptoms to their clinician results in under-reporting. Internet chat rooms and forums are often valued for their anonymity, and in such places the symptoms may be more readily disclosed. In this chapter, we presented honeymoon rhinitis. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Vertigo and Dizziness in Children(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Mete, Utku; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Vicini, ClaudioIt is unusual for a child or adolescent patient to complain of vertigo. However, in adults it is more commonly seen. Research conducted using a survey methodology has found a yearly incidence of 23% for dizziness in general and 5% for vestibular vertigo, in particular [1]. A study which recently assessed the frequency of diagnoses coded using ICD-9 and relating to problems with balance and the vestibular apparatus considered records from more than 560,000 consultations with paediatricians stretching over 4 years. These showed that unspecified dizziness occurred in a mere 0.4%, peripheral symptoms in 0.03% and central vestibulopathy in 0.02% of encounters [2, 3]. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Tonsillopharyngitis during pregnancy and the postpartum period(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Alagöz, Bahar; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Bedrosian, Jeffrey C.Infections during pregnancy may occur at any time from the first implantation of the blastocyst to the point at which the mother gives birth and the period surrounding birth. These infections may also harm the fetus or neonate. Since bacterial infections during pregnancy often produce no symptoms, doctors need to remain alert to the possibility of infection and carry out sufficiently careful infective screening [1]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Thyroid nodules and cancer during pregnancy and the postpartum period(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Fethallah, Başat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Manole, FeliciaThyroid disorders occur in approximately 5% of pregnant women. Untreated thyroid disease in the mother makes an adverse outcome in pregnancy more likely to occur and may harm the newborn, but treatment can mitigate these consequences. Levothyroxine is frequently used as a treatment for hypothyroidism. In pregnant women, the treatment dose is generally higher than in nonpregnant patients. Hyperthyroid disease in pregnant women is typically treated by means of antithyroid agents, but caution is needed, since methimazole has an association with congenital defects and propylthiouracil raises the risk of toxicity to the liver in the mother. It is advised that pregnant women in the initial trimester be administered propylthiouracil, which can later be converted to methimazole treatment to decrease the likelihood of liver damage. The aim of treating under-or overactivity of the thyroid in pregnant women is to reach a euthyroid state as rapidly as possible and ensure this remains so for the entire pregnancy. Currently, intervention is not recommended in pregnant women suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis nor isolated hypothyroxinemia, provided there are no signs of hypothyroidism. It is usually safe practice to delay treating thyroid nodules or low-grade thyroid carcinoma until the end of pregnancy [1]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Rhinosinusitis during pregnancy and the postpartum period(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Kubat, Gözde Orhan; Şahin, Caner; Muluk, Nuray BayarRhinitis and sinusitis are common diseases in which everyone may be affected at least once or more. Rhinitis is a condition that causes loss of efficiency and large economic expenses in patients [1]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Recent combination therapy options for allergic rhinitis(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kef, Kemal; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Konstantinidis, Iordanis; Scadding, Glenis K.Treatment should be initially preventive through allergen and pollutant avoidance as much as possible. For pollen allergy, it is beneficial to stay away from outdoor activities during the seasons with high pollen density and not to open doors and windows in the morning and evening hours when pollen levels are highest. If the patient has outdoor activities, it is better to remove the clothes upon entering the home, have a shower and wash the hair. Air conditioners should have a pollen filter working by recirculating the room air. Nasal pollen filters and balms can reduce symptoms by about a third. There can be significant improvement in few patients by allergen avoidance alone. Most need additional pharmacotherapy. Those with uncontrolled symptoms may be candidates for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Pharmacotherapy does not change the course of the disease; medications only prevent or reduce symptoms. AIT has been shown to reduce symptoms even after discontinuation, to decrease progression from AR to asthma and to reduce new sensitisations. In this chapter, recent combination therapy options for allergic rhinitis are reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Dinç, Mehmet Emre; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Vonakis, Becky M.The nasal area filters out particles and humidifies the air that goes to the lungs. It also acts as first-line immunological protection enabling the exposure of the inspired air to the mucosal membranes that hold immunoglobulin A (IgA). Breathing in through the nose, the air travels cranially in the nasal area and interacts with the olfactory nerves, which produces the smell sensation that is very well related to the sense of taste. A problem in association with this system can result in nasal symptoms such as postnasal drainage, headaches, facial pressure, congestion, and sinus infections. The mucosa of the respiratory system consists of pseudostratified epithelium with hair cells, along with muciparous, strial, and basal cells. Hair cells are the most differentiated cells of the nasal mucosa. The ciliated columnar epithelial mucosa that lines the nasal area and paranasal sinuses continues with the squamous epithelium of the anterior nasal cavity and pharynx, respectively. Ciliated epithelium occupies a more significant portion of the anterior nasal area in the newborn and laryngectomized individuals compared to others indicating the squamous metaplasia of ciliated epithelium, which develops as a reaction to the trauma of environmental exposures. The respiratory epithelium, previously regarded as a physical barrier, is greatly engaged in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT); actually, the epithelial cells express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens, and Langerhans-type dendritic cells in the submucosal layer can present antigens to and trigger T-lymphocytes by interleukin 1 (IL-1). In this chapter, physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses is presented in detail. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Pediatric ENT Infections(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Cingi, Cemal; Arısoy, Emin Sami; Muluk, Nuray BayarThe book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of pediatric ENT infections. It brings together the experience of authors from more than 30 countries and aims to provide a broader understanding of the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in children, that will likely lead to improve their health globally. In addition to new infections like COVID-19, the work reviews the latest treatments modalities. The list of topics ranges from basic to very advanced and the book will be therefore an invaluable resource for ENT and pediatrics trainees and students, as well as for experienced practitioners in these fields. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Paranasal Sinus Mucoceles(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Dikici, Oğuzhan; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Passali, Giulio CesareMucoceles are pseudocystic, expansive, slow-growing nonneoplastic formations that mainly affect the frontal or ethmoidal paranasal sinuses. Mucoceles are caused by the overaccumulation of mucus, often due to sinus obstruction. They can cause the sinus to expand, thereby causing bone resorption. In cases of chronic infection, mucoceles can contain purulent secretions; these are termed “chronic pyocoele, " which should not be confused with acute infection. On occasion, mucoceles filled with pus can rupture, leading to associated osteomyelitis or the spread of infection. Because mucoceles can have many negative consequences, their early detection is quite important. Mucoceles are most often found in adults in their 30s or 40s; however, they have been reported in people of all ages, including children. There is no gender preference for mucoceles. The etiology of mucoceles can be divided into obstructive causes (e.g., polyps, trauma, surgery, and tumor compression), inflammatory causes (e.g., infection, cystic degeneration, and increased mucus secretion), and allergic causes. Histopathologically, mucoceles appear as mucus-containing cystic lesions that are covered by pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial tissue; in addition, they can contain chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. Several factors have been identified that can predispose one to mucoceles, including previous paranasal sinus surgery (the most common predisposing factor), history of facial trauma, fibrosis, inflammation, and having paranasal sinus polyposis or a mass effect (e.g., malignancy, osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease). In this chapter, paranasal sinus mucoceles are reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Paediatric rhinitis and rhinosinusitis(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Salcan, Ismail; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Kopacheva-Barsova, GabrielaRhinitis may be defined as an inflammatory condition affecting the upper airways in which rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion or sneezing (or any combination thereof) has been present a minimum of 2 days in a row and lasts for at least 1 h on the majority of those days. The Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guideline distinguishes two categories of rhinitis: allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). The differentiating feature between these conditions is whether allergic sensitisation has taken place (i.e. AR) or not (NAR). The pathophysiology of AR depends on IgE, and it is usual for ocular pruritus, indicating conjunctivitis, to be present as an additional presenting feature. Rhinitis frequently occurs in children and adolescents. It is commonplace to dismiss the significant morbidity associated with the condition by viewing rhinitis as a self-limited coryzal illness. However, sternutation, pruritus, watery nasal discharge and nasal congestion are distressing for patients. The presentation in childhood and adolescence may also be atypical, with coughing or snoring. Rhinitis has an adverse effect on biopsychosocial well-being. In this chapter, paediatric rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are reviewed in all aspects. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Otitis Media in Infants(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Atan Şahin, Özlem Naciye; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Arısoy, Ayşe EnginAcute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most frequent infections in children. It is a burden due to its increased associated doctor visits, antibiotic needs, increased surgery, and potential contribution to hearing and speech complications. Acute otitis media has been shown in all ages but is mostly found in infants and young children. The attack rate for AOM peaks between 6 and 18 months of age. In the United States (US), nearly 80% of children less than 2 years of age have at least one episode of AOM annually, and most continue to have episodes through age 5 years [1]. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Otalgia: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Torun, Mümtaz Taner; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; El-Saggan, AhmedEarache, which is also referred to as otalgia, is a regular sign as far as primary care is concerned with various likely causes. Normally, in situations where the causes emanate from the ear, the earn assessment ends up been anomalous resulting to an obvious diagnosis. On the other hand, in case of referred otalgia which could also be explained as secondary otalgia, the assessment of the ear tends to be normal with the ache been referred from various sites [1]. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Odontogenic Causes of Sinus Infections(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Çam, Burcu; Çam, Oruç Yener; Muluk, Nuray BayarThe best terminology to use to describe such situations is “odontogenic sinusitis” (OS) or “maxillary sinusitis of dental origin.” Whilst dental surgical components or implanted materials may have an impact on the maxillary sinuses, this seldom causes sinusitis to occur. OS accounts for between 10 and 40% of all maxillary sinusitis (MS), and when unilateral accounts for 75% of the cases. There are a number of ways in which the sinus membrane may be impinged upon: the teeth at the back of the mouth near the maxillary sinus may become infected, lesions may spread from the teeth or jaws, and there may be traumatic injury to the sinus arising from dental surgery, the complications thereof, or maxillofacial procedures. Since the upper teeth are in such close proximity, anatomically speaking, to the maxillary sinus, infections arising in the root or surrounding gum may easily spread to the maxillary sinus. The interposed space between the apices of the roots and the sinus itself varies between consisting of a membrane alone and having a bony barrier of 12 mm thickness. If there is an osteomyelitic infection in the maxilla, if periapical cysts develop, if root canal surgery results in insult to the sinusal membrane, if root canals overspill filling material, which then enters the sinus, if dental implants are not sited correctly, if a sinus lift goes wrong, or if fistulous communication develops between the sinus and oral cavity following dental extractions-in all these cases MS may be the consequence. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
