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Öğe Operation olive branch: Cross-border use of the right of self-defense(Peter Lang Publishing Group, 2019) Ayhan, HalisIntroduction International law and international politics are very close to each other. The impossibility of separating these two fields is often due to the fact that they support each other. As such, there is a similarity and harmony among them. On the other hand, when considered in the context of obedience, international politics must comply with many international concepts and rules. However, although international law is an independent field, the rules of international law is not determined without international politics. Although this is the case in theory, the approaches of states in practice can lead to differences/conflicts in the understanding of “international law”. In other words, the theory and practice may not overlap each other absolutely. Operation Olive Branch launched by Turkey is such a case where international law and international politics conflict with each other. While Turkey points out that the operations carried out in accordance with the international law, some argue that Turkey’s operation does not fulfill conditions of the international law. This article suggests that Turkey’s operation fulfills the conditions of the international law. The study uses deductive reasoning to legitimate the operation. International Legal Basis of Operation Olive Branch: The Right to Self-Defense Turkey started a cross-border “Operation Olive Branch” in cooperation with Free Syrian Army in Syria’s Northwestern Afrin region on 20th January 2018. According to official announcement of Turkish Armed Forces, the aim of the operation is “to establish security and stability…. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2019.Öğe Effects of Economic Crises on Urban Quality of Life(Peter Lang AG, 2019) Ökde, FatmaThe standard of living in urban life is one of the important indicators of the development of a city in today's modern world. The way how the decisions taken are reflected on the individuals and the reactions of the individuals to these decisions affect the decision makers. Especially after the Industrial Revolution, the cities, which had intense migrations, faced unplanned urbanization. Housing and housing problems are some of the burning issues that have been waiting to be solved for many years. In addition to these, infrastructure services and transportation needs were also among the priority issues of big cities. In modern cities these services are now standardized. The living standards and expectations of the urbanite have increased. The urbanite now demands more than the services that meet the basic needs. They have expectations such as social areas, libraries, large green areas and parks, and lively and comfortable trade areas. These expectations are not stable. Along with the changing and developing world, they are in a constant renewal. Local and national governments are facing ever-changing demands. To meet these demands a high budget amount and efficiently planned budget are needed. The economic crises that emerged periodically lead to disruption of these services. This situation also negatively affects the standard of living in urban life. © 2019 Peter Lang GmbH.
