ULUSLARARASI SÖZLEŞMELER İLE MEVZUATIMIZDA KADIN İŞÇİLERİ KORUYUCU DÜZENLEMELER
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Tarih
2023
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info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
Kadınların çalışma hayatı içerisinde bulunmalarının birçok nedeni bulunmaktadır. Ailevi yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmesi için bir gelire ihtiyaç duyulması, ekonomik kaygılar önemli bir nedendir. Bunun yanında kadınların kendi ayakları üzerinde durabilme isteği, ekonomik özgürlüğe sahip olma arzusu, kariyer planlaması, sosyalleşme ve ruhsal tatminde kadınların çalışma hayatında bulunmalarının nedenleri arasında sayılabilir. Kadınların çalışma hayatında bulunmaları ile birlikte çalışma ilişkilerinde korunması, karşılaşacakları sosyal risklere karşı güvencelerinin artırılması gerekliliği doğmuştur. Kadınların çalışma hayatında korunmaları gerektiği yönünde Birleşmiş Milletlerin, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün ve Avrupa Birliğinin düzenlemeleri bulunmaktadır. Bu düzenlemelerin temelinde kadın-erkek eşitliğini sağlamak ve ayrıca cinsiyet ayrımcılığına dayalı davranışlara son vermek yatmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda kadın işçileri koruyucu düzenlemelerin pozitif ayrımcılığa dayandığı görülmektedir. Pozitif ayrımcılık, eşit fırsatlardan yararlanmak için, eşit olana kadar bu hakları eksik kullananlara ayrımcılık uygulanması gerektiği düşüncesine dayanmaktadır. Uluslararası düzenlemelerin ulusal hukukumuzda da etkileri zaman içerisinde görülmüştür. Anayasamızda, Türk Borçlar Kanununda, İş Kanununda, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanununda ve Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununda uluslararası belgelerde yer alan hükümlere paralel düzenleme yapılmıştır. Kadın işçilerin karşı karşı kalacakları sorunların bir kısmı erkek işçilerin sorunlarıyla aynı olsa da gerek fiziksel yapıları, gerek özel hayatlarında aldıkları sorumlulukların fazla oluşu yapılacak düzenlemelerle özel olarak korunmalarını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Kadın işçinin sırf kadın olması nedeniyle diğer işçilerden farklı bir işleme tabi tutulamaması, işverenin eşit davranma borcunun gereğidir. Mevzuatımızda kadın işçilerin yer ve su altında çalıştırılması mümkün değildir. Kadın işçilerin gece çalıştırılması ise belli koşullar altında mümkünken gebe işçilerin gece çalışması mümkün değildir. Ayrıca kadın işçilerin gebelik ve emzirme dönemlerinde çalışma süreleri bakımından koruyucu düzenlemeler mevcuttur. Kadınların çalışma hayatında bulunmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla getirilen bu düzenlemeler ülkenin ekonomik ilerlemesi için de önemlidir. Kadınların çalışma hayatındaki karışılacakları zorluklara ilişkin getirilen tüm yasal düzenlemeler, doğru şekilde uygulanması halinde fayda sağlayacaktır. İşverenlerin hukuk kurallarını uygulamaması halinde ise etkili ve caydırıcı niteliğe sahip yaptırımların uygulanması gerekmektedir.
There are many reasons why women are in working life. The necessity for an income to fulfill family obligations and economic concerns are some of the important reasons. In addition to these, the desire of women to stand on their own feet, the aspiration to have economic freedom, career planning, socialization and spiritual satisfaction can be counted among the reasons why women are in working life. With the participation of women in working life, it has become an necessity to protect them in working relations and to increase their security against the social risks that they could encounter. There are regulations of the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the European Union that aim to protect women in working life. The basis of these regulations is to ensure equality between men and women and also to put an end to behavior based on gender discrimination. In the studies, it can be seen that the protective regulations for women workers are based on positive discrimination. Positive discrimination is based on the idea that in order to benefit from equal opportunities, discrimination should be applied to those who use these rights incompletely until they are equal. The effects of international regulations on our national law have also been seen over time. Our constitution, Turkish Code of Obligations, Code of Labor, Code of Occupational Health and Safety Law and Code of Social Insurance and General Health Insurance Law have been arranged in parallel with the provisions in international documents. Although some of the problems that female workers may face are the same as those of male workers, their physical structure and the excess of responsibilities they take in their private lives necessitate special protection through regulations to be made. The fact that a women worker can not be treated differently from other workers just because she is a woman is a requirement of the employer's obligation of equal treatment. In our legislation, it is forbidden for female workers to work underground or underwater. While it is possible for women workers to work at night under certain conditions, it is forbidden for pregnant workers to work at night. In addition to these, there are protective regulations in terms of working hours of female workers during pregnancy and lactation. These regulations, which were introduced to facilitate the participation of women in working life, are also important for the economic progress of the country. All legal regulations regarding the difficulties that women may encounter in working life will be beneficial if they are implemented correctly. In case of disobedience of employers to the rules of law, effective and deterrent sanctions should be applied.
There are many reasons why women are in working life. The necessity for an income to fulfill family obligations and economic concerns are some of the important reasons. In addition to these, the desire of women to stand on their own feet, the aspiration to have economic freedom, career planning, socialization and spiritual satisfaction can be counted among the reasons why women are in working life. With the participation of women in working life, it has become an necessity to protect them in working relations and to increase their security against the social risks that they could encounter. There are regulations of the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the European Union that aim to protect women in working life. The basis of these regulations is to ensure equality between men and women and also to put an end to behavior based on gender discrimination. In the studies, it can be seen that the protective regulations for women workers are based on positive discrimination. Positive discrimination is based on the idea that in order to benefit from equal opportunities, discrimination should be applied to those who use these rights incompletely until they are equal. The effects of international regulations on our national law have also been seen over time. Our constitution, Turkish Code of Obligations, Code of Labor, Code of Occupational Health and Safety Law and Code of Social Insurance and General Health Insurance Law have been arranged in parallel with the provisions in international documents. Although some of the problems that female workers may face are the same as those of male workers, their physical structure and the excess of responsibilities they take in their private lives necessitate special protection through regulations to be made. The fact that a women worker can not be treated differently from other workers just because she is a woman is a requirement of the employer's obligation of equal treatment. In our legislation, it is forbidden for female workers to work underground or underwater. While it is possible for women workers to work at night under certain conditions, it is forbidden for pregnant workers to work at night. In addition to these, there are protective regulations in terms of working hours of female workers during pregnancy and lactation. These regulations, which were introduced to facilitate the participation of women in working life, are also important for the economic progress of the country. All legal regulations regarding the difficulties that women may encounter in working life will be beneficial if they are implemented correctly. In case of disobedience of employers to the rules of law, effective and deterrent sanctions should be applied.
