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Öğe Anosmia and Hyposmia: Overview(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Öztürk, Zeynel; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Aynaci, Sevilay; Manole, Felicia; Cingi, CemalApproximately 95% to 99% of chemosensation is at-tributed to the sense of smell, whereas taste is responsible for the re-maining chemosensation. One who suffers from anosmia is unable to detect smells. In addition to being acquired or congenital, it can be ei-ther transitory or permanent. Disorders in olfaction can be brought on through pathologic conditions at any level through the olfactory path-way. These disturbances can occur at multiple levels. Conductive or sensorineural deficiencies are two categories that can be used to cate-gorize them. In diseases classed as conductive, also known as transport disorders, there is an interruption in transmitting an odorant stimulus to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Loss of sense of smell can be brought on by any mechanical obstruction that prevents scents from reaching the olfactory neurons. Several inflammatory processes can cause this ob-struction, including uncomplicated infections that result in mucus plugs or nasal polyps. Some neurological causes have the potential to cause the disease. The more central brain structures are affected by the pres-ence of sensorineural abnormalities. Tests of olfactory function have been created to give a valid measurement of olfactory dexterity. These smell tests examine the threshold of odor perception and odor identifi-cation. The butanol threshold test, the “University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT),” and the “Sniffin' Sticks” test are some of the tests included in this category. In this review, olfactory disorders are presented with a detailed literature survey. © 2024 Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery.Öğe Are antifungals effective in rhinosinusitis?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Ak, Semih; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Passali, DesiderioIt is now more popular to refer to rhinosinusitis rather than sinusitis, since inflammation virtually never occurs in the sinuses alone, without a nasal component. It is probable that expert disagreement on how to define CRS stems from the multifaceted nature of the disorder and from our imperfect knowledge about the underlying pathogenesis of sinus mucosal inflammation. It has been hypothesised that a number of different processes may drive inflammation: infection by bacteria (which may then produce a biofilm and secrete supertoxins), infection by viruses, allergic responses to fungal organisms (allergic fungal sinusitis), infection by fungi (invasive), immune malfunction targeting non-pathogenic fungal organisms found throughout the environment, humoral immunodeficiency and rhinitis of allergic and nonallergic type. This lack of clear diagnostic criteria to permit recruitment into trials, due to the disparate nature of CRS, coupled with, at best, a partial knowledge of the disorder's pathogenetic basis, results in a situation where clinicians need to rely on a slender evidence base when deciding what therapy to offer patients. In this chapter, antifungal treatment in rhinosinusitis is reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Challenges in rhinology(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Cingi, Cemal; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Scadding, Glenis K.; Mladina, RankoThis book examines in detail many rhinologic issues that are not covered in other books, are still not completely understood, and can be difficult to deal with clinically In each chapter, three authors - a young otorhinolaryngologist, a senior author, and an international expert - elaborate on a specific issue, such as the role of immunotherapy in treating nasal polyps, the management of rhinitis during pregnancy, how rhinitis can differ in adults and children, how to choose between open or endonasal rhinoplasty, the ideal form of anesthesia for nasal surgery, etc The volume will appeal to a wide readership, from otorhinolaryngologists to allergists and facial plastic surgeons, as well as trainees and students in related fields. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Changes of the Buccal Fat Pad Volume According to the Different Age Groups, Gender, and Body Mass Index: An Evaluation with Computed Tomography(Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2024) Akşamo?lu, Melih; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Şahan, Mehmet HamdiObjectives We investigated volumetric changes in buccal fat pad (BFP) in age groups and sexes by cranial or neck computed tomography (CT) or cranial CT angiography. Methods One hundred twenty patients underwent cranial or neck CT examinations or cranial CT angiography were retrospectively screened: 18-29 years old (group 1), 30-49 years old (group 2), and 50 years and older (group 3). Left buccal fat tissue measurements were performed in age groups, sexes, and body mass index (BMI) groups. Results Left buccal fat volume in the 30-49 age group and the ?50 age group was significantly higher than that in the 18-29 age group (P < 0.05). Across all groups and specifically within the 18-29 age group, females exhibited significantly lower buccal fat volume than males (P < 0.05). The left buccal fat volume of individuals classified as overweight and obese was significantly higher than that of the underweight and normal weight groups. There was a negative relationship between buccal fat volume and fat density. Moreover, as age increased, within age groups 1 to 3, there was a notable increase in body weight, body length, BMI, and BMI groups (underweight and normal weight to obesity), accompanied by a significant rise in buccal fat volume. Conversely, fat density exhibited a significant decrease with advancing age. Conclusions Buccal fat volume, localized in the middle third of the face, increased with aging and increasing BMI values. Young females had lower buccal fat volume. Buccal fat tissue volume is important in facial rejuvenation procedures such as facial filler applications. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Detection of microplastics in patients with allergic rhinitis(Springer, 2023) Tuna, Aysegul; Tas, Burak M.; Kankilic, Gokben Basaran; Kocak, Furkan M.; Sencan, Ziya; Comert, Ela; Bayar Muluk, NurayObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the relationship between microplastics, which are a worldwide health and environmental issue, and their relationship to allergic rhinitis.Materials and methodsA total of 66 patients participated in this prospective study. The patients were divided into two groups. While there were 36 patients with allergic rhinitis in group 1, there were 30 healthy volunteers in group 2. The participants' age, gender and Score for Allergic Rhinitis results were noted. Microplastics were examined in the nasal lavage fluids of the patients and their numbers noted. The groups were compared on these values.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. There was a significant difference between the allergic rhinitis group and the control group in terms of the Score for Allergic Rhinitis results (p < 0.001). In the allergic rhinitis group, the microplastic density in the nasal lavage was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.027). Microplastics were detected in all participants.ConclusionsWe found more microplastics in allergic rhinitis patients. According to this result, we can say that there is a relationship between allergic rhinitis and microplastics.Öğe Does aspirin desensitisation work in N-ERD?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Çakmak Karaer, Işil; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Scadding, Glenis K.Aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) has the most widespread use of any medication in the world. It plays a key role in the management of cardiovascular disease, especially acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and chronic ischaemic heart disease (CIHD). It is used to prevent stroke and in the management of certain chronic rheumatological disorders. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD), also referred to as Samter's triad, affects both the upper and lower airways and involves sinusitis of eosinophilic type, severe nasal polyp formation, asthma and hypersensitivity to COX-1-inhibiting drugs. It is an inflammatory disease of escalating severity. Of N-ERD sufferers, 75% are also sensitive to alcohol. N-ERD has a frequency of between 0.6% and 2.5% in general and is seen in 40% of cases where the patient develops asthma in adulthood and has chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRS(+)NP). The disorder is classified as progressive. The most common age for it to occur is age 30-34, and it is more usual in females than males. The initial presentation of N-ERD is frequently a flu-like illness that develops into persistent rhinosinusitis; then, asthma signs develop and finally frank respiratory system sensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDs. In this chapter, aspirin desensitisation and N-ERD are reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Does immunodeficiency matter in ENT?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Dedeoğlu, Serkan; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Sarafoleanu, Codrut; Patrascu, ElenaPrimary immunodeficiencies (PID) are found in around 1 in 10,000 American children and 1 in 20,000 children in Europe. Given the difficulty in recognising the condition, clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of PID, if they are to identify it at an early stage. Groups representing both patients and their families have identified a 10-point checklist of warning signs showing PID. The signs include the following: (1) at least four separate ear infections within 12 months; (2) at least two grave sinusal infections within 12 months; (3) antibiotic treatment by mouth with a duration of 2 months minimum, with minimal benefit; (4) pneumonia at least twice within 12 months; (5) an infant fails to achieve expected growth; (6) a deep cutaneous abscess, or abscess within an organ, that recurs; (7) oral candidiasis that persists or mucocutaneous fungal infections; (8) only when antibiotics are given parenterally do they resolve infections; (9) firmly entrenched infection, e.g. septicaemia, on at least two occasions; and (10) PID in a genetic relative. In this chapter, immunodeficiency and ENT diseases are discussed in detail. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Does nasal disease cause headaches?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kazaz, Hasan; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Wenig, Barry L.It is uncommon for a headache that is due to rhinosinusitis (aka "sinus headache") to occur. In such a situation, an initial sinus infection by a viral or bacterial pathogen leads to formation of a viscous, discoloured discharge from the nose, hyposmia or anosmia, pain or a sense of pressure in the facial region and usually pyrexia. Pain in the face and headache normally abate within a week of the infection resolving. Ongoing pain should prompt a review of the diagnosis. The International Classification of Headache Disorders has published useful criteria which may be used to distinguish different kinds of headache. In sinus headache, pain over the face, facial pressure, blockage of the nose and sinuses are present. Additionally, the following symptoms, which are also present in migraine disorders, may occur: nausea, photosensitivity or noise intolerance, moderate to severe headache, a pulsatile or throbbing sensation and exacerbation due to activity. Despite the popularity of the term "sinus headache" among patients themselves and general practitioners, in the media and in advertising copy, its use is deprecated by ENT specialists, allergists and neurologists, who feel that the term lacks precision and may lead to inappropriate interventions. The term sinus headache is generally applied when a headache is accompanied by pain in the face or facial pressure. It is the facial pain and pressure that brings the association with sinus disease. In this chapter, nasal diseases and headache are reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mite allergic rhinitis(Springer, 2015) Cingi, Cemal; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Ulusoy, Seckin; Acar, Mustafa; Sirin, Seher; Cobanoglu, Bengu; Bal, CengizIn the present study, we investigated the outcomes of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis (HDM-AR) patients. In this prospective, multicentric study, 186 patients with AR who had positive skin prick test results for HDMs were included. The patients were administered SLIT using Staloral 300 for 1 year. Evaluation of the patients regarding symptom scores, clinical findings and Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores was performed at baseline, and then at 6 and 12 months of therapy. Our results showed that, for all of the evaluated items (symptom scores, clinical findings and RQLQ scores), 12-month values were significantly lower than those at 6 months and baseline. Similarly, 6-month values were significantly lower than those at baseline. There were no complications in any of our patients. SLIT for HDM-AR is a treatment modality that can be used safely. We obtained better results than expected, and the treatment showed a positive psychological effect; the patients believed that SLIT was the final step of treatment and, which made them feel better.Öğe Evaluation of putamen area and cerebral peduncle with surrounding cistern in patients with Parkinson’s disease: is there a difference from controls in cranial MRI?(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Say, Bahar; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; İnal, Mikail; Göncüoğlu, Alper; Yörübulut, Serap; Ergün, UfukObjectives: Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron loss is essential in pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate nigrostriatal structures including the putamen, cerebral peduncle, widths of interpeduncular cistern, and ambient cistern around the midbrain with conventional cranial magnetic resonance images (MRI) in patients with PD. Methods: The MRI of 56 subjects was included, which was selected from the radiological data system for this retrospective study. The 29 patients with idiopathic PD were included and their disease duration, Hoehn&Yahr stage, and Levodopa equivalent dose (LED) were recorded. The 27 controls had a normal neurologic examination and cranial MRI. All subjects in the patient and control groups had right-hand dominance. Putamen and cerebral peduncle areas and widths of interpeduncular and ambient cisterns were measured in T2 sequences of MRI. Further statistical analysis was applied to exclude gender and age effect on areas. Results: The areas of putamen and cerebral peduncles were significantly reduced in patients with PD compared to the control bilaterally (p < 0.001). Enlargement of interpeduncular and ambient cisterns in patients was higher than in controls, and it was significant (p < 0.001). A correlation was not observed between measurement results and clinical characteristics of patients with PD. Only the cerebral peduncle area/ambient cistern width ratio was significantly correlated with disease duration positively (right r = 0.46 p = 0.012, left r = 0.389 p = 0.037). Conclusion: Clinicians should be careful with conventional MRIs of patients with idiopathic PD in practice. It may be different from controls without any neurological disorder, particularly putamen, cerebral peduncles, interpeduncular, and ambient cisterns. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Öğe Facial mask for prevention of allergic rhinitis symptoms(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Oguz, Oguzhan; Manole, Felicia; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Cingi, CemalObjectivesWe reviewed the role of facial masks in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms.MethodsThe literature survey was performed in PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, and Proquest Central databases of Kirikkale University and Google and Google Scholar databases.ResultsAeroallergens are microscopic airborne particles that trigger AR symptoms. In sensitive people, the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction against these allergens occurs when these microparticles enter the nasal mucosa via inhalation. Pollens, molds, dust mites, and animal dander are only some of the allergens suspected of contributing to AR symptoms. The treatment guidelines for AR extensively encompass allergy avoidance and environmental management as the first-line treatment. It is recommended that those who experience seasonal symptoms try to avoid their triggers whenever possible. While medical masks filter out particles larger than 3 mu m, FFP2 masks are effective against particles as small as 0.004 mu m. Since both mask types are effective in filtering pollen larger than 5 mu m in size, they can be used to prevent pollen exposure. The antiviral protection provided by medical and FFP2 masks to hospital employees is roughly equivalent. Thus, both should be effective against direct local (eye) or indirect inhaled (nose, bronchial) pollen exposure. For the masks to do their job, they need to fit correctly.ConclusionFace mask affects AR patients' quality of life and reduces AR symptoms' severity.Öğe How should rhinitis be managed during pregnancy?(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kar, Murat; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Negm, HeshamThe rhinological impacts on pregnancy include rhinitis of pregnancy, nosebleeds and particular tumours, e.g. pyogenic granuloma. These conditions have been written about previously. There are also case reports that have appeared from time to time, concerning how rhinosinusitis may interact with pregnancy. Pregnancy rhinitis is a condition in which the nose becomes congested in the final month or 2 months before delivery, but with no further indications of infection within the respiratory tract and no allergic response and with complete resolution in less than 2 weeks after giving birth. Diagnosing and managing rhinitis, sinusitis and nosebleeds in pregnant women is a particularly difficult task for ENT specialists. On one hand, disorders of the nose and sinuses, when not adequately treated, present risks to the quality of life of the woman and endanger the pregnancy, and on the other hand, data regarding the safety aspects from properly controlled trials are simply lacking. In this chapter, rhinitis during pregnancy is reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Important landmarks and distances for posterior fossa surgery measured by temporal MDCT(SPRINGER, 2020) Burulday, Veysel; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Komurcu Erkmen, Selmin Perihan; Akgul, Mehmet Huseyin; Ozdemir, AdnanIn this retrospective study, we aimed to present important anatomical structures and distances for posterior fossa surgery by temporal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The temporal MDCT images of 317 adult patients (158 males and 159 females) were retrieved from the hospital's picture archiving and communication system (PACS). In the coronal temporal MDCT views, the cochlea-carotid canal and jugular bulb-mastoid bone outer surface were measured. In the axial MDCT views, the carotid canal-jugular bulb and carotid canal-posterior fossa distances were measured; the carotid canal and jugular bulb anterior-posterior (AP) and transverse dimensions were also measured. The bilateral cochlea-carotid canal, jugular bulb-mastoid bone outer surface, and right carotid canal-jugular bulb distances were significantly greater in the males than those in the females (p < 0.05). The carotid canal-posterior fossa distance was not different in both genders (p > 0.05). The carotid canal-jugular bulb and the carotid canal-posterior fossa distances were greater on the left side than those on the right side in both genders (p < 0.05). In males, the outer surface distance was greater on the left jugular bulb-mastoid bone than that on the right side of that bone (p < 0.05). The difference between the carotid canal AP dimensions was not significant between males and females (p > 0.05). However, the carotid canal transverse dimension, jugular bulb AP, and transverse dimensions were significantly greater in the males than those in the females, bilaterally (p < 0.05). In each gender separately, the carotid canal AP and transverse dimensions were greater on the left side and the jugular bulb AP and transverse dimensions were greater on the right side than those on the left side (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between the cochlea-carotid canal, the jugular bulb-mastoid bone outer surface, and the carotid canal-jugular bulb distances as well as between the jugular bulb-mastoid bone outer surface and the carotid canal-posterior fossa distances (p < 0.05). In older patients, the carotid canal-posterior fossa distances were shorter on the left side (p < 0.05). Vascular and neural localizations should be well understood in the operative area before applying the surgical approach in the posterior fossa. Computed tomography (CT) has a greater role in the evaluation of bone structures and vascular canals in this area.Öğe In response of Detection of microplastics in patients with allergic rhinitis(Springer, 2024) Tuna, Aysegul; Tas, Burak M.; Kankilic, Gokben Basaran; Kocak, Furkan M.; Sencan, Ziya; Comert, Ela; Bayar Muluk, Nuray[Abstract No tAvailable]Öğe Local allergic rhinitis: A new allergic rhinitis phenotype(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Özdoğru, Emine Ece; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Rondon, CarmenLocal allergic rhinitis (LAR) describes a condition in which a patient has clear symptoms suggestive of allergic rhinitis and has a nasal eosinophilic inflammation with local specific IgE to a specific allergen but is negative on testing for systemic atopy. A considerable number of cases with rhinitis, in which SPT is negative and sIgE is undetectable, do in fact produce a positive response to the nasal allergen challenge (NAC). This phenotypical manifestation of AR is known as LAR. LAR affects the entire age range from children to adults, across the world, and symptoms may range from mild to severe. Despite the negative effects of LAR on patients' quality of life and the way symptoms may quickly deteriorate, it is generally underdiagnosed. LAR persists as a condition in its own right. It is not merely a precursor to systemic AR. There are many common elements between AR and LAR, such as positive NAC, the presence of features indicating a type 2 inflammatory response in the nose (e.g. sIgE in secretions from the nose) and an increased risk of becoming asthmatic. In this chapter, we reviewed LAR in all aspects. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Manifestations of Migraine in Otolaryngology: A Traditional Review(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Öztürk, Zeynel; Aynaci, Sevilay; Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Cingi, CemalMigraines are recurring headaches that frequently occur with nausea and sensitivity to light. They can be easily diagnosed because they occur with headaches of varying severity and periods when the patient experiences no symptoms. It is stated that headaches are usually throbbing and relieved after sleeping. Rhinosinusitis-related headaches, the most frequently encountered by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians, are generally more disturbing in the mornings due to stasis and being in a horizontal position at night. It is generally accepted that the leading cause of migraines is neuroinflammation of the trigemino-vascular system. The trigemino-vascular system contains peripheral trigeminal nerve endings that innervate the pia mater, dura mater, and cranial blood vessels, among other structures. Patients with suspected migraine may also present primarily with vestibular symptoms. It is expected to have an aura before attacks. However, at the first presentation, patients may also describe migraine without aura or migraine headache accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia. Given the enigmatic origins of both tinnitus and migraines, it is plausible that they have a common pathophysiology connected to the central nervous system. In particular, migraine-related tinnitus is caused by trigeminal nerve activation and is likely hypersensitivity of the cerebral cortex. Some symptoms that may be noticed include vertigo, tinnitus, impaired hearing, ataxia, and issues with vision in both eyes. With a comprehensive literature analysis, this study discusses the otolaryngologic features of migraines to update the general information, especially that of ENT specialists. © 2024 Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. Production and hosting by Türkiye Klinikleri.Öğe Mühimmat Fabrikası Bomba Dolum Atelyesi’nde Patlama Travmasına Maruz Kalan İşçilerde Minnesota Çok Yönlü Kişilik Envanteri(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2008) Oğuztürk, Ömer; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Oral, Nursen; Yalçınkaya, Fulya; Bulbul, Selda FatmaMühimmat Fabrikası işçilerinde, Minnesota Çok Yönlü Kişilik Envanteri (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-MMPI) kullanılarak, patlama travması ve kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Metod: Patlama travmasına maruz kalan 44 erkek işçi, çalışma grubunu (Grup 1) oluşturmuştur. Patlama travmasına maruz kalmayan 44 işçi (Grup 2), kontrol grubunu oluşturmuştur. Tüm hastalara MMPI uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: MMPI alt-skalaları, Grup 1 ve 2’de farklı değildi. Çalışma grubunda, MMPI alt-skalaları yaşlı işçilerde, patlama sahasına yakın olanlarda, patlamadan sonra akut tinnitusu, işitme kaybı ve uyku bozukluğu olanlarda artmıştır. Eğitim seviyesi daha yüksek olan işçiler, daha fazla psikolojik sorunlar yaşamıştır Sonuç: Patlama travmasına maruz kalan işçilerde psikolojik fonksiyonlar daha kötü değildir. Patlama sonrası geçen 11 senelik zaman, işçilere verilen psikolojik, fiziksel ve ekonomik destek, işçilerdeki psikolojik travmayı azaltmış olabilir.Öğe Olfactory acuity based on Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT?) in migraine patients with and without aura: A cross-sectional, controlled study(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2022) Kandemir, Süheyla; Pamuk, A. Erim; Habipoğlu, Yasin; Özel, Gökçe; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Kılıç, RahmiObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate olfactory acuity in migraine patients with and without aura (MwA and MwoA) Material and methods: The study included 30 MwA patients, 30 MwoA patients, and 30 age- and gender-matched controls. Demographic features and odor-related symptoms (osmophobia, odor offensiveness, and odor-triggered attack status) were noted. Olfactory acuity was measured using the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT®), a 12-item derivative of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®). BSIT® scores were compared between the migraine patients and controls. Results: The mean BSIT® score did not differ significantly between the MwA patients (8.7 ± 0.9) and MwoA (9.17 ± 0.9) patients (P = 0.094); however, the mean score in the control group was higher (10.4 ± 0.6) than in the MwA and MwoA patients (P < 0.001). The mean BSIT® score did not differ significantly between patients with and without odor-triggered migraine attacks (9 ± 0.9 and 8.8 ± 0.8, respectively) (P = 0.4). Osmophobia and odor-triggered attacks were more common in the MwA patients than in the MwoA patients (odor-triggered attacks: 66% vs. 40% [P = 0.04]; osmophobia: 76.6% vs. 60% [P = 0.16]) Conclusion: Olfactory acuity is lower during attack-free periods in migraine patients, as compared to controls. Migraine aura status does not affect olfactory acuity. Odor-triggered attacks, osmophobia, and offensive odors between attacks were more common in the MwA patients than in the MwoA patients. © 2021Öğe Paediatric rhinitis and rhinosinusitis(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Salcan, Ismail; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Kopacheva-Barsova, GabrielaRhinitis may be defined as an inflammatory condition affecting the upper airways in which rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion or sneezing (or any combination thereof) has been present a minimum of 2 days in a row and lasts for at least 1 h on the majority of those days. The Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guideline distinguishes two categories of rhinitis: allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). The differentiating feature between these conditions is whether allergic sensitisation has taken place (i.e. AR) or not (NAR). The pathophysiology of AR depends on IgE, and it is usual for ocular pruritus, indicating conjunctivitis, to be present as an additional presenting feature. Rhinitis frequently occurs in children and adolescents. It is commonplace to dismiss the significant morbidity associated with the condition by viewing rhinitis as a self-limited coryzal illness. However, sternutation, pruritus, watery nasal discharge and nasal congestion are distressing for patients. The presentation in childhood and adolescence may also be atypical, with coughing or snoring. Rhinitis has an adverse effect on biopsychosocial well-being. In this chapter, paediatric rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are reviewed in all aspects. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Peripheral and central smell regions in COVID-19 positive patients: an MRI evaluation(Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Burulday, Veysel; Sayar, Merve Sefa; Bayar Muluk, NurayBackground Coronaviruses may lead to invasion of the central nervous system. Purpose To investigate the effects of COVID-19 infection on smell using cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods Cranial MRI scans of 23 patients with COVID-19 (patient group [PG]) and 23 healthy controls (HCs) were evaluated. Peripheric (olfactory bulb [OB] volume and olfactory sulcus [OS] depth) and central (insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas) smell regions were measured. Results Smell loss was present in nine patients (39.1%) in the PG. The means of the disease duration and antiviral treatment were 3.00 +/- 2.35 and 5.65 +/- 1.72 days, respectively. OB volumes of the PG were significantly lower than those of the HCs bilaterally. However, no significant differences were observed between the OS depth, insular gyrus, and corpus amygdala areas of both groups. The left corpus amygdala areas were both increased with the increased disease (P = 0.035, r = 0.442) and treatment durations (P = 0.037, r = 0.438). In the PG, longer treatment duration, increase in C-reactive protein (CRP), lymphocyte count decrease, and positive thoracic computed tomography (CT) involvement were related to OS depth decrease. Right corpus amygdala areas increased in patients with COVID-19 with increased D-dimer values, and thoracic CT involvement was detected. Conclusion COVID-19 disease affects the peripheric smell region of OBs and does not affect the central smell regions of the insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas. The importance of our study is to detect MRI findings in patients with COVID-19 leading to odor disorders. These findings may help in diagnosing the disease at an early stage.
