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Öğe A detailed analysis of a diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel-linseed oil biodiesel-ethanol blends in a thermodynamic, economic, and environmental context(Ecopetrol Sa, 2023) Ibrahim, Gehad Yasser Aly Maher; Atak, Nisa Nur; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, HayriThe growing demand for energy, coupled with volatile oil prices and the environmental damage caused by the harmful gases produced when it is used, has prompted countries to explore alternative energy sources. The transportation sector, an important end-user of petroleum, must adapt to the changing energy landscape and opt for new technologies to remain competitive. The study conducted a thorough thermodynamic analysis to assess the economic and environmental impact of using biodiesel (BD) made from cold-pressed linseed crude oil, commercial diesel fuel (DF), and ethanol in a compression-ignition (CI) engine. The study conducted a detailed thermodynamic analysis of performance and emission data recorded from a single-cylinder diesel engine. The analysis included energy, exergy, sustainability, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic parameters. The results pointed out that the fuel energy increases with the load, with B20E5 fuel reaching 6.887 kW at 25% load and 18.908 kW at 75% load. BD and blended fuels were found to have a higher fuel energy compared to DF. At 50% load, DF and B20 fuels have fuel energies of 10.765 kW and 10.888 kW, respectively. The analysis clearly demonstrates that commercial DF outperforms both DF-BD binary fuel blends and DF-BD-ethanol blends in terms of thermal and exergy efficiency values. Furthermore, DF exhibits lower entropy generation and exergy destruction than other binary and ternary blends. At maximum load, the exergy efficiencies of DF, B20, and B20E10 fuels were 28.5%, 25.8%, and 24.7%, respectively. The exergy losses were determined to be 10.495 kW, 12.317 kW, and 13.134 kW, respectively, under the same conditions. Binary and ternary fuel blends have a higher cost of power from the engine shaft due to the expensive market prices of ethanol and linseed oil-based BD compared to DF. However, B20 and B20E10 fuels have a lower environmental cost than DF, with B20 and B20E10 fuels estimated to be 2.8% and 5.3% lower than DF, respectively, at full load. These findings demonstrate the clear advantages of using B20 and B20E10 fuels over DF, both in terms of cost and environmental impact. Additionally, the infusion of ethanol into ternary blends reduces the environmental damage. This study provides a unique perspective on sustainable energy research and serves as a valuable reference for future studies.Öğe A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2020) Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Derviş; Çakmak, AbdülvahapIn this study, engine performance and exhaust emission tests were performed using pure gasoline and volumetrically 10% ethanol-C2 or methanol-C1/gasoline blends (G100, E10, and M10) fuels in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, spark-ignition (SI) engine under constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and different loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). In the tested engine, the brake specific fuel consumption values of G100, M10 and E10 fuels under full load condition were found to be as 0.279 kg/kWh, 0.296 kg/kWh and 0.307 kg/kWh, respectively. When the exhaust emissions were examined, E10 and M10 fuels were observed to have lesser CO, CO2, NOX, and HC emissions compared to pure gasoline. The lowest CO emission was determined as 3.15% for E10 fuel at 75% load. NOX emission decreased with the increase of engine load in all fuel blends, the best performance is measured as 908.86 ppm in E10 fuel at 100% load. The minimum HC emission for E10 fuel was measured as 116.36 ppm at 75% load. Compared with G100 fuel, E10 and M10 blends emitted 39% and 35% less HC emissions, respectively at 75% load. In addition, E10 and M10 fuels generated 8% and 5% less CO2 emissions at all engine loads, respectively, as compared to G100 fuel. As a result of thermodynamic analyses; The highest exergy efficiency values were found to be at 21.0% for G100, 17.92% for E10, and 16.85% for M10, respectively. Besides, the energy efficiencies were obtained to be as 30.01% for G100, 28.33% for E10, and 29.90% for M10, respectively. According to the sustainability analysis, E10 fuel performed better results than M10 fuel in order to be an alternative to G100 fuel.Öğe A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a SparkIgnition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol(2020) Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat; Erol, Derviş; Çakmak, AbdülvahapThe anxieties regarding global warming upon increasing greenhouse gas emission grades worldwide and the presence of petroleumbased fuels have directed the researchers to focus on the development of biofuels as well as the utilization of reformulated gasoline fuels by adding oxygenated additives resulting in an extensive application to improve fuel properties. In this study, engine performance and exhaust emission tests were performed using pure gasoline and volumetrically 10% ethanol-C2 or methanolC1/gasoline blends (G100, E10, and M10). The engine experiments for all test fuels were carried out in a single-cylinder, fourstroke, water-cooled, spark-ignition (SI) engine under fixed engine speed (1500 rpm) and various loading conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). In the tested engine, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values of G100, M10, and E10 fuels under full load condition were found to be as 0.279 kg/kWh, 0.296 kg/kWh and 0.307 kg/kWh, respectively. When the exhaust emissions were examined, E10 and M10 fuels were observed to have lesser CO, CO2, NOX, and HC emissions in comparison with pure gasoline. The lowest CO emission was determined as 3.15% for E10 fuel at a 75% load. NOX emissions descended with the increase of engine load in all fuel blends meanwhile the best performance is measured as 908.86 ppm in E10 fuel at 100% load. The minimum HC emission for E10 fuel was measured as 116.36 ppm at a 75% load. Compared with G100 fuel, E10 and M10 blends emitted 39% and 35% fewer HC emissions, respectively at 75% load. Besides, E10 and M10 fuels generated 8% and 5% less CO2 emissions at all engine loads, respectively, when compared to G100 fuel. As a result of thermodynamic analyses; The highest exergy efficiency values were found to be at 21.0% for G100, 17.92% for E10, and 16.85% for M10, respectively. Besides, the energy efficiencies were obtained to be as 30.01% for G100, 28.33% for E10, and 29.90% for M10, respectively. According to the sustainability analysis, E10 fuel performed better results than M10 fuel in order to be an alternative to G100 fuel.Öğe Application of Higher-Order Alcohols (1-Hexanol-C6 and 1-Heptanol-C7) in a Spark-Ignition Engine: Analysis and Assessment(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, DervişStudies on the usage of gasoline-alcohol blends as an alternative fuel in spark-ignition engines have recently gained momentum. In the present research, energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic analyses were conducted with the performance and emission values acquired by utilizing gasoline, gasoline-heptanol, and gasoline-hexanol fuels (G100, HEX5-20, and HP5-20) as a fuel under different powers at a constant speed of 1600 rpm in a single-cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition engine. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, fuel consumption also increases. NOX emission is higher, and CO and HC emissions are lower in alcohol-based fuel blends than G100 fuel. The highest thermal efficiency is 41.09% in G100 fuel at a power of 5 kW. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, thermal efficiency decreases. The highest exergy destruction and entropy generation were determined to be 6.25 kW and 0.02134 kW/K, respectively, in HP20 fuel at a power of 5 kW. Entropy generation increases with an increase in the ratio of alcohol in alcohol-based fuels. HEX20 and HP20 fuels produce 25% and 30% more entropy, respectively, compared to G100 fuel. The mass and financial costs of the damage caused by the CO2 emission of fuels to the environment were determined by conducting four different analyses using energy and exergy analysis data. According to the exergoenvironmental and exergoenviroeconomic analyses, HP20 fuel reached the highest environmental pollution values of 4538.19 kg CO2/month and 65.804 $/month, respectively. The environmental cost of the CO2 emission released from the exhaust to the atmosphere is higher in alcohol-based fuels than G100 fuel. As a result of all analyses, it was concluded that hexanol and heptanol could be alternative fuels in spark-ignition engines under particular conditions.Öğe Araç Lastiklerinin Sırt Desen Tasarımında Üç Boyutlu Baskı Teknolojilerinin Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi Üzerine Deneysel Bir Çalışma(2020) Erol, Derviş; Doğan, Battal; Bozdemir, MustafaTaşıt lastiklerinin sırt desenlerinin; sürüş güvenliği, sürüş konforu, yakıt tüketimi, frenleme ve gürültü performans değerleri gibi farklı parametrelere bağlı olarak bilgisayar destekli tasarım programları yardımıyla üç boyutlu olarak tasarım çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. Lastik üretim kalıpları; yapıları itibariyle oldukça karmaşık ve imalatları çok pahalı olan sistemlerdir. Kaliteli bir taşıt lastiği üretiminde, lastik üretim kalıpları oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bilgisayar ortamında yapılan tasarımlardaki hatalar çoğu zaman tasarım sırasında fark edilememesinden dolayı imalat sırasında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Lastik kalıplarının imalatı yapıldıktan sonra ortaya çıkan tasarım hatalarından dolayı zaman ve maliyet açısından büyük zararlar yaşanmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında lastik sırt desen prototip imalatı için; eklemeli üretim (Additive Manufacturing) yöntemlerinde deneysel çalışmalar yapılarak en uygun prototoip üretim yöntemin bulunması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla geliştirilen lastik sırt desen prototip imalatı; Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) ve Binder Jetting (3DP) teknolojilerine sahip olan iki farklı üç boyutlu baskı makineleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan üç boyutlu katı modellerin görüntü, kalite ve prototip üretim süreleri gibi teknik özellikler birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır.Öğe Binalarda Kullanılan EPS Yalıtım Malzemesinin Farklı Yoğunluklara Göre Isıl İletkenliğinin Deneysel ve Sayısal İncelenmesi(2018) Tan, Hüsamettin; Doğan, BattalBinalarda enerji kayıplarının azaltılması günümüzde önemli bir konudur. Bu amaçla enerji kayıplarını azaltmak için uygun ısı yalıtım malzemesinin kullanılması gerekir. Bu çalışmada binalarda kullanılan EPS yalıtım malzemesinin iç yapı görüntüleri kullanılarak elde edilen 2 boyutlu çizimlerin sayısal analiz sonuçlarının deneysel sonuçlar ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Ek olarak farklı yoğunluktaki malzemenin ısıl iletkenliği nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak her yoğunluk değeri için örnek bir binanın 3 farklı bölgede olması durumunda özgül ısı kaybı belirlenerek farklı yoğunluk değerindeki yalıtım malzemesinin ısıtma ihtiyacını ne oranda etkilediği belirlenmiştir.Öğe Dikey bir levhada laminer şartlarda doğal ısı taşınımının incelenmesi(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2002) Doğan, Battal; Uzun, Y.İbrahimBir levha sıcaklığı kendi sıcaklığından farklı olan bir akışkan içinde bulunuyorsa ısı geçişinden dolayı levhaya dik doğrultuda sıcaklık basamağı meydana gelir. Bu sıcaklık basamağı yoğunluk farkına, yoğunluk farklılığı da doğal ısı taşınımına sebep olur. Doğal taşınımda yüzeyle akışkan arasında sınır tabaka oluşur. Sınır tabaka denklemlerinin çözümü sonucunda sıcaklık ve hız dağılımı elde edilir. Bu çalışmada dikey bir levhada meydana gelen doğal taşınım sınır tabakası incelenmiştir. Bu sınır tabakaya ait süreklilik, momentum ve enerji denklemlerinin çözümünü yapılmıştır. Çözümleri yaparken analitik olarak benzerlik ve integral metodları, sayısal olarak sonlu farklar metodu kullanılmıştır. Üç yöntemle elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak gösterilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğal taşınım, dikey levha, benzerlik, integral, sonlu ( farklarÖğe Ev Tipi Olarak Tasarlanmış Bir CNG Kompresör Prototipinin Performans ve Çalışma Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi(2016) Doğan, BattalGünümüzde ticari amaçlı yük ve yolcu taşımada kullanılan araçlarda çevre kirliliği azaltmak ve yakıt ekonomisinin sağlanmasıaçısından enerji kaynağı olarak doğal gaz kullanılmaktadır. Hususi araçlar içinde doğal gaz kullanımı yaygınlaşmaktadır. Buaraçlarda yakıt dolumu için istasyonlarda yüksek basınçlı doğal gaz (CNG) kompresörü kullanılmaktadır. Araçların dolum yaptığımerkezlerde bulunan CNG kompresörler şehir şebekesinden aldıkları doğal gazı 200-250 bar basınçta CNG tanklarına doldurmaktave tanklardan araçların deposuna iletilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tasarımı ve imalatı yapılan 4 pistonlu CNG kompresör prototipi şehiriçi şebeke hattından 0.022 bar basınçla alınan doğal gazı 200 bar basınçlara sıkıştırmaktadır. İmalatı yapılan kompresörün debi vebasınç testleri yapılarak sonuçlar kısmında verilmiştir. Ayrıca CNG kompresörünün enerji performans testleri ve hesaplamalarıyapılmıştır.Öğe Experimental assessment of a CI engine operating with 1-pentanol/diesel fuel blends(2020) Yeşilyurt, Murat; Doğan, Battal; Erol, DervişAlcohols have been known as influential alternatives for the utilization in the compression-ignition (CI) engines. In contrast to lower-order alcohols such as methanol-C1 and ethanol-C2, long-chain alcohols (higher-order alcohols) have a hopeful future for CI engines. Pentanol-C5 or amyl alcohol, regarding its affirmative chemical and physical properties, is a type of higher alcohol that can be obtained from biomass resources and hence it has to be evaluated as an alternating and sustainable fuel candidate in diesel engine applications. The objective of this work is to explore the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine running on 1-pentanol/diesel fuel mixtures. For this aim of the experimental research, three different blends were created by infusing various ratios (10, 20, and 30% by volume) of 1-pentanol into pure diesel with implementing the splash-blending method to acquire the binary blends of Pt10, Pt20, and Pt30. The tested fuel samples were used in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with a generator. The influences of a next-generation alcohol addition to the diesel upon the engine performance along with exhaust emission levels of the tested engine were meticulously researched at six different engine loads (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 kW) with a stable speed (3000 rpm). The infusion of alcohol into the diesel fuel declined cetane number as well as the lower calorific value of the fuel blends. As a result of the study carried out, it was observed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased between 4.46- 11.78% averagely as the ratio of 1-pentanol in the mixtures increased while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) dropped up to 6.75% and 6.69%, respectively owing to the lesser energy content of the 1- pentanol. When the test engine operating with binary blends, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were obtained to be higher than that of conventional diesel fuel due to the higher latent heat of vaporization (LHV) of 1-pentanol resulting in a cooling impact in the cylinder, leading descending trend in the efficiency of the combustion. Besides, the addition of 1- pentanol to diesel caused the mitigation in smoke emission by 77.37-89.60%, carbon dioxide (CO2) by 13.06-30.83%, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) by 13.43- 41.61% on an average as compared to diesel fuel. Overall, it has been shown up that 1-pentanol might be successfully utilized as an oxygenated fuel additive to diesel fuel, however in a minimum concentration of 1-pentanol, i.e., Pt10 blend has provided luminous outcomes in terms of mitigating the EGT, smoke opacity, and especiallyNOXemissions, however at the expense of boosting in the emissions of CO and HC.Öğe The investigation of exergoeconomic, sustainability and environmental analyses in an SI engine fuelled with different ethanol-gasoline blends(INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD, 2020) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Kodanlı, EvrenIn this study, performance and emission values were obtained under full load by using ethanol-gasoline blends as a fuel at different rates in a spark-ignition engine, and exergy, exergoeconomic and environmental analyses were performed with these values. Exergy of a fuel entering engine and lost exergies through cooling system, exhaust and radiation were calculated. CO, CO2, HC, and NO(X)emissions released from engine into environment were measured, and according to environmental analysis, cost of CO(2)emission was calculated as 393.78 USD/year for E0 fuel and as 306.78 USD/year for E30 fuel at 2,000 rpm. Ethanol-gasoline blends at different rates, environmental damage can be reduced by around 30% on an annual basis. Furthermore, with environmental analysis, lowest engine output power cost was found to be 29.77 USD/MJ in E0 fuel at 2,000 rpm, while highest engine output power cost was found to be 120 USD/MJ in E30 fuel at 4,500 rpm.Öğe Sialon esaslı seramik kesici uçların ısıl iletkenliğinin sıcaklığa bağlı analizi(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2010) Doğan, Battal; Uzun, İbrahimBu çalışmada Sialon esaslı kesici uçların ısıl iletkenliği analitik, sayısal ve deneysel olarak hesaplanmıştır. Analitik hesaplamalar yapılırken literatürdeki mevcut ampirik ifadeler değişik hacimsel oranlar kullanılarak sıcaklığa bağlı olarak hesaplanmıştır. Deneysel olarak yapılan çalışmalarda sıvı ile yer değişim yöntemi ile yoğunluk (?) ölçümü, diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) sistemi kullanılarak özgül ısı (c) ölçümü ve zamana bağlı ısı iletimi esasına dayanan Laser Flash teknolojisi ile ısıl yayılım katsayısı (?) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Isıl yayılım Netzsch LFA457 cihazı ile ölçülmüş olup bu deneysel sonuçlardan ısıl iletkenlik (k) bulunmuştur.Sayısal çözümlere ulaşmak için birkaç aşamanın malzemeye uygulanması gerekmektedir. İlk olarak malzeme yüzeyinin kimyasallarla temizlenmesi ve parlatılması işlemleri uygulanmıştır. Bu işlemlerin devamında işleme hatalarının giderilmesi ve görüntünün net alınabilmesi için yüzeyin kimyasallarla dağlaması yapılmıştır. Dağlama sonunda malzeme yüzeyinin fotoğrafı Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobunda alınmıştır. Alınan görüntüler farklı büyütme oranlarında 25000,30000 ve 50000 olarak seçilmiştir. Son olarak bu görüntüler Autocad® programı kullanılarak ana ve ara faz ayrımları geometrik olarak belirlenmiş ve sonlu eleman esaslı bir yazılım olan Ansys® için hazır hale getirilmiştir.Sonlu eleman çözümleri değişik alan oranları ve düğüm sayıları için tekrarlanmıştır. Alan oranları ve düğüm sayıları sonlu eleman modelinin yapısına göre değişimler gösterebildiğinden incelenen modeller ilerleyen sayfalarda tablo ve grafiklerle verilmiştir.Sialon esaslı seramik kesici uçların sinterlenmesi esnasında ana faz denilen ana yapının yanında ara faz denilen tane sınır faz olarak camsı yapı oluşmaktadır. Bu yapı malzeme fotoğraflarında ve sayısal analiz modellerinde açıkça görülebilmektedir.Sayısal çözümlemede bu fotoğrafla iki boyutlu bir düzlem şeklinde ele alınarak sabit yüzey sıcaklığı sınır şartları altında ana faz ve ara fazın iletkenliklerinin bilinmesine bağlı olarak efektif ısıl iletkenlik Ansys ile hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar analitik ve deneysel sonuçlarla karşılaştırmalı olarak verilmiştir.Sonuçların karşılaştırılmasında kesici uçların veya buna benzer iki faz yapısı olan malzemelerin ısıl iletkenliklerinin analitik ve deneysel ölçümleri yanında sayısal hesaplamalarda da oldukça iyi belirlenebileceği gösterilmiştir.Öğe Sialon- Si3N4 Esaslı Seramik Kesici Uçların Isıl İletkenliğinin İncelenmesi(2018) Doğan, Battal; Tan, HüsamettinDemir esaslı veya demir dışı metal ürünlerin yüksek hızlarda işlenerek üretilmesinde kullanılan kesici uçlar ileri teknoloji seramik ürünlerden elde edilmektedir. Çalışmada Kennametal firması tarafından üretilen ve kesici takım olarak kullanılan saf silisyum nitrür (Si3N4) esaslı KY3500 model ve Sialon esaslı KY 2000 model iki farklı ucun ısıl iletkenliği deneysel ve sayısal olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneysel olarak yapılan çalışmalarda sıvı ile yer değişim yöntemi ile yoğunluk (?), diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) sistemi kullanılarak özgül ısı (c) ve zamana bağlı ısı iletimi esasına dayanan Laser Flash teknolojisi ile ısıl yayılım katsayısı (?) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümlerden malzemenin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değeri (k?.?.c) ifadesinden bulunmuştur. Sayısal çalışmada ilk önce kesici uçların taramalı elektron mikroskobu görüntüleri (SEM) alınmıştır. Bu görüntüler Autocad programı kullanılarak sonlu eleman esaslı bir yazılım olan Ansys için hazır hale getirilmiştir. Ansys’te iki boyutlu ve sabit yüzey sıcaklığı sınır şartları altında efektif ısıl iletkenlik hesaplanmıştır. Çalışada SEM görüntüleri ve Element Analizi (EDS) sonuçlarını kullanarak kesici uçların ısıl iletkenliği esasına dayanan yeni bir sayısal metot kullanılmıştır.Öğe The assessment of fusel oil in a compression-ignition engine in the perspective of the waste to energy concept: investigation of the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Erol, Derviş; Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirFusel oil can be obtained from all agricultural products containing sugar, as well as from starchy products such as corn and potatoes, and from cellulosic products such as sulfite liquor, which is a wood and paper mill residue. Fusel oil is produced as a waste product during the production of bioethyl alcohol or biomethyl alcohol from sugar beet pulp remaining during sugar production in Turkey. In this study, alternative fuel blends prepared by infusing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of fusel oil to diesel (DF) by volume were tested in a single-cylinder, diesel engine at 1500 rpm and different loads, and thus, engine performance, pollutant emissions, and combustion characteristics were determined and compared with reference diesel. As a result, since fusel oil has lower calorific values than diesel, alcohol fuel blends caused a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). It was observed that carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke emissions decreased significantly with addition of FUSEL oil to diesel while carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O-2) emissions, which are an indicator of complete combustion, increased. This occurred since oxygen molecules in chemical structure of fusel oil improved emissions. Concerning combustion characteristics, it was observed that addition of fusel oil to baseline diesel generally increased in figures of in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate. Moreover, it was determined that alcohol fuel blends generally increased ignition delay time compared to diesel due to their low cetane numbers. When all experimental results are evaluated, it can be said that fusel oil additive significantly reduces exhaust emissions without considerably affecting combustion and performance characteristics.Öğe The Cost Analysis of CNG Compressors with Changing Stage Numbers During Compressing(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2014) Doğan, Battal; Ünal, İrfanCNG is compressed natural gas. CNG compressor is the equipment which provides to compress the low pressure natural gas into high pressures. The usage of gases in high pressures is a current issue in industrial institutions and transportation. However, the economical analysis of rising to high pressure is very important in terms of energy costs. In this study, the working parameters of CNG compressors with high pressures that have 3 and 4 stage numbers have been examined experimentally and the gasoline cost during compressing has been calculated. In the compressors with changing stage numbers, it is aimed that the gasoline cost should be the comparison element beside the working parameters like heat and pressure.Öğe The Effects of Canola Oil/Diesel Fuel/Ethanol/N-Butanol/Butyl Di Glycol Fuel Mixtures on Combustion, Exhaust Gas Emissions and Exergy Analysis(Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang, 2022) Özer, Salih; Akçay, Mehmet; Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Setiyo, MujiIn recent years, there have been many studies on the widespread use of liquid fuels derived from biomass. A common emphasis in such studies is on fewer exhaust gas emissions and the expansion of renewable fuel production. Biodiesel is considered to be an important type of biomass fuel that is already produced commercially. But the production of biodiesel is laborious and comprises combination of several chemical processes. This study examines the effects of using oil used in biodiesel production with oxygen-rich chemicals on combustion (in-cylinder pressure (Cp), heat release rate (HRR), rate of pressure rise (RoPR), and cumulative heat release (CHR)), exhaust emission values, energy and exergy analysis. In this study, the effects of butyl di glycol use were also investigated and compared with commercially used ethanol and n-butanol. A transesterification method produced from canola oil the biodiesel used in the experiments. The experimental fuels were mixed volumetrically. For this purpose, experiments were carried out with canola biodiesel produced at 20% (D80B20) in diesel fuel and the results of the experiments were recorded. Under the same conditions, experiments were carried out by adding ethanol (D60C20E20), n-butanol (D60C20B20), butyl di glycol (D60C20G20) at a rate of 20% by volume to the canola oil added to the diesel fuel. The lowest values in terms of thermal and exergy efficiency were obtained in D60C20G20 fuel at all engine loads. Also, the highest entropy generation was calculated at all engine loads for this fuel blend. © 2022, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang. All rights reserved.Öğe The effects of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder, working fluids, and engine speed on the energy and exergy performance characteristics of a β-type Stirling engine with a slider-crank drive mechanism(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, HayriStirling engines are power generation systems working with the external heating principle and converting heat energy into mechanical energy. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were performed using the data of performance tests in which helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids in a beta-type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm(3) and a slider-crank drive mechanism. Moreover, the impact of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on engine power was revealed. In the study, three displacer cylinders, smooth, 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel displacer cylinders, were used. Performance tests were conducted at five charge pressures varying between 1 and 5 bar, with the hot end temperature of 1000 +/- 10K and the cold end temperature of 300 +/- 5K. The heat transferred to the hot zone, thermal losses and efficiency were calculated in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was 45.50% when a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder was used with helium as the working fluid. Thermal efficiency values were 32.87% and 32.60% for nitrogen and air, respectively, under the same conditions. Entropy generation, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency were calculated in the exergy analysis. The lowest exergy destruction was obtained using a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder with helium as the working fluid. Furthermore, the impact of engine speed on exergy efficiency was determined.Öğe The experimental investigation on the impact of n-octanol in the compression-ignition engine operating with biodiesel/diesel fuel blends: exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental analyses(Springer, 2022) Çakmak, Abdulvahap; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Derviş; Doğan, BattalThe use of alcohol with traditional diesel fuel in diesel engines reduces environmental damage. When the ternary mixtures obtained by adding biodiesel to diesel-alcohol fuel mixtures are used without making any changes in the compression-ignition (CI) engine, there is no significant problem in terms of performance and emissions. This research dealt energetic, exergetic, and environmental evaluation for a CI engine fueled with blends created using diesel/biodiesel/n-octanol at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and different loads (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Performance and emission values were recorded in the tests. Economic and environmental analyses were realized by using the data obtained in these tests in thermodynamic relations. The losses and efficiency of the engine were computed in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was found to be 40.6% in B20 and B20OCT5 at full load, while the lowest one was observed to be 15.77% when the engine fueled with B100 at 25% load. In the exergy analysis, exhaust exergy, exergy destroyed, and entropy generation were determined. Thermal and exergy efficiencies were parallel in all fuels depending on the load. The highest exergy efficiency was calculated to be 30.4% for B20 and B20OCT5 at full load. Lower exergy destruction was acquired for diesel fuel at full load in comparison with B20OCT20, B20OCT15 and B20OCT10. CO2 emission of fuels was used in exergy-based environmental analysis. The lowest environmental cost was determined as 3.85 $ month(-1) at 25% load in B20OCT10. The highest power cost was achieved to be 10.61 $ MJ(-1) at 25% load when the engine was run on B20OCT20. The cost of exergy losses at 25% load was computed to be 3.67 $ h(-1) for B20OCT20. While the increase in alcohol content in the blends caused a decrease in harmful pollutants, it is not economical due to the expensive pump prices. To conclude, it is to be clearly indicated that due to systematic thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses and the usage of n-octanol as a long-chain alcohol in the CI engine with blending diesel and biodiesel, this paper goes beyond previous efforts in the literature.Öğe The investigation of an energetic and exergetic performance characteristics of a beta-type Stirling engine with a rhombic drive mechanism(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Erol, Derviş; Doğan, Battal; Çalışkan, SinanIn this study, effects of using helium, nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide and argon gases as working fluid in a beta-type Stirling engine with rhombic drive mechanism and swept volume of 365 cm(3) on the engine performance characteristics for two different stainless steel and titanium displacer pistons at charge pressures of 1-5 bar were examined. The performance characteristics of manufactured Stirling engine were investigated at 1000 K (+/- 10 K) hot end and 300 K (+/- 5 K) cold end temperatures using a specifically designed electrical heater. Energy and exergy analyses were carried out using temperature, pressure, speed and torque values measured in performance tests. As a result of the exergy analysis, helium gas performed the best in the stainless steel displacer piston at a charge pressure of 4 bar and an engine speed of 550 rpm. Under the said conditions, 0.3726 W/K entropy generation and 195.53 W destroyed exergy were calculated in thermodynamic analysis in the helium working fluid. Furthermore, under the same conditions, helium gas achieved the highest efficiency values of 48.04% for thermal efficiency, 56.54% for exergy efficiency and 69.2% for Carnot efficiency. The lowest exergetic performance was revealed in titanium displacer piston when argon was used as working fluid.Öğe The investigation of effects on the engine performance characteristics of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder for a beta-type Stirling engine with the slider-crank drive mechanism(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirThis study was focused to develop a power generation system that could use renewable energy resources more efficiently. In accordance with this purpose, the design, manufacturing, and testing of a Stirling engine with a beta-type slider-crank drive mechanism were carried out. Helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids, and experimental studies were performed at various charge pressures. Moreover, the effects of three different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on the performance were researched. The maximum power was obtained as 160.5 W in a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at a charge pressure of 4 bar and 400 rpm engine speed. The highest torque was found to be 7.92 Nm in a 66-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at the aforementioned charge pressure and 100 rpm engine speed. The lowest engine power output among the maximum engine powers was obtained to be 48.3 W when air was used as a working fluid at a pressure of 4 bar and an engine speed of 200 rpm, using a smooth displacer cylinder. Use of channels in the displacer cylinder and the increased number of channels had positive effects on engine performance. It was determined that the maximum engine power output obtained in the experimental studies was 46.0% and 49.86% higher in the 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel cylinders, respectively, compared to the smooth displacer cylinder. It has been observed that when the number of channels on the displacer cylinder was increased by approximately 81.8%, an increase of approximately 2.62% was obtained in the engine power output. This situation revealed that optimization of the number of channels is important.Öğe The investigation of energy and exergy analyses in compression ignition engines using diesel/biodiesel fuel blends-a review(Springer, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, DervişBiodiesel is used as an alternative fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. In the literature, engine performance, exhaust emission, and thermodynamic analyses have been conducted using biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-alcohol, and diesel-biodiesel-nanoparticle fuel blends as alternative fuels in diesel engines. The present research examined and discussed only studies related to energy and exergy analyses. Using energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and destroyed exergy values, a distinct perspective has been given to using biodiesel as an alternative fuel. While a certain decrease occurs in engine power with biodiesel, an improvement is observed in engine emissions. Hence, the exergy efficiency of biodiesel fuel blends is lower than pure diesel fuel. Some studies in the literature have reported exergy destruction due to the use of biodiesel to be 5-15% higher than pure diesel fuel.The exergy efficiency of some biodiesel types is very low compared to diesel fuel. When nanoparticles such as Al2O3 and TiO2 are added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends, exergy destruction in the engine decreases and, thus, the useful work increases. Whereas nanoparticles ensure a 2-5% power increase in diesel-biodiesel blends, they cause exergy destruction to decrease at the same rate. This study reviewed in detail the effects of using biodiesel fuels in diesel engines on energy and exergy performance and aimed to contribute to researchers working in this field.
