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    Anosmia and Hyposmia: Overview
    (Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Öztürk, Zeynel; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Oğuz, Oğuzhan; Aynaci, Sevilay; Manole, Felicia; Cingi, Cemal
    Approximately 95% to 99% of chemosensation is at-tributed to the sense of smell, whereas taste is responsible for the re-maining chemosensation. One who suffers from anosmia is unable to detect smells. In addition to being acquired or congenital, it can be ei-ther transitory or permanent. Disorders in olfaction can be brought on through pathologic conditions at any level through the olfactory path-way. These disturbances can occur at multiple levels. Conductive or sensorineural deficiencies are two categories that can be used to cate-gorize them. In diseases classed as conductive, also known as transport disorders, there is an interruption in transmitting an odorant stimulus to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Loss of sense of smell can be brought on by any mechanical obstruction that prevents scents from reaching the olfactory neurons. Several inflammatory processes can cause this ob-struction, including uncomplicated infections that result in mucus plugs or nasal polyps. Some neurological causes have the potential to cause the disease. The more central brain structures are affected by the pres-ence of sensorineural abnormalities. Tests of olfactory function have been created to give a valid measurement of olfactory dexterity. These smell tests examine the threshold of odor perception and odor identifi-cation. The butanol threshold test, the “University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT),” and the “Sniffin' Sticks” test are some of the tests included in this category. In this review, olfactory disorders are presented with a detailed literature survey. © 2024 Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery.
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    Facial mask for prevention of allergic rhinitis symptoms
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Oguz, Oguzhan; Manole, Felicia; Bayar Muluk, Nuray; Cingi, Cemal
    ObjectivesWe reviewed the role of facial masks in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms.MethodsThe literature survey was performed in PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, and Proquest Central databases of Kirikkale University and Google and Google Scholar databases.ResultsAeroallergens are microscopic airborne particles that trigger AR symptoms. In sensitive people, the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction against these allergens occurs when these microparticles enter the nasal mucosa via inhalation. Pollens, molds, dust mites, and animal dander are only some of the allergens suspected of contributing to AR symptoms. The treatment guidelines for AR extensively encompass allergy avoidance and environmental management as the first-line treatment. It is recommended that those who experience seasonal symptoms try to avoid their triggers whenever possible. While medical masks filter out particles larger than 3 mu m, FFP2 masks are effective against particles as small as 0.004 mu m. Since both mask types are effective in filtering pollen larger than 5 mu m in size, they can be used to prevent pollen exposure. The antiviral protection provided by medical and FFP2 masks to hospital employees is roughly equivalent. Thus, both should be effective against direct local (eye) or indirect inhaled (nose, bronchial) pollen exposure. For the masks to do their job, they need to fit correctly.ConclusionFace mask affects AR patients' quality of life and reduces AR symptoms' severity.
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    Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Key Points for Safer Surgery
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Kar, Murat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Alqunaee, Marwan; Manole, Felicia; Cingi, Cemal
    Objectives: To review measures for safer functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods: PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, Proquest Central at K & imath;r & imath;kkale University, Google, and Google Scholar were used in the literature review. The search was performed using keywords of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, FESS, Safety, Image-Guided, and complications between 2000 and 2024. Results: Inflammatory and infectious sinus illnesses are the most prevalent indications for FESS. The 4 most common methods for FESS are endoscopic uncinectomy, maxillary antral ostomy/ethmoidectomy, anterior ethmoidectomy, and posterior ethmoidectomy. FESS has a complication rate of 0% to 1.5% for significant problems and 1.12% to 20.8% for minor issues. Sinus surgery outcomes can be improved and problems avoided with careful preoperative preparation. Powered instrumentation may enhance the severity of the problems rather than the number of occurrences. Intraoperative detection of cerebrospinal fluid leakage necessitates immediate localization and fixing of the leaking structure. The danger of infection increases and hospital stays are longer when investigation is delayed. In image-guided surgery, surgeons employ preoperative imaging data to pinpoint the exact position of a surgical tool concerning surrounding anatomical structures in real time. Although initially designed for use in neurosurgery, endoscopic sinus surgery has quickly become one of the most popular applications of this technique. Conclusion: Safer FESS can be accomplished with accurate CT scans, good patient preparation, surgical knowledge and training, and by using image guidance for endoscopic sinus surgery.
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    Thyroid nodules and cancer during pregnancy and the postpartum period
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Fethallah, Başat; Muluk, Nuray Bayar; Manole, Felicia
    Thyroid disorders occur in approximately 5% of pregnant women. Untreated thyroid disease in the mother makes an adverse outcome in pregnancy more likely to occur and may harm the newborn, but treatment can mitigate these consequences. Levothyroxine is frequently used as a treatment for hypothyroidism. In pregnant women, the treatment dose is generally higher than in nonpregnant patients. Hyperthyroid disease in pregnant women is typically treated by means of antithyroid agents, but caution is needed, since methimazole has an association with congenital defects and propylthiouracil raises the risk of toxicity to the liver in the mother. It is advised that pregnant women in the initial trimester be administered propylthiouracil, which can later be converted to methimazole treatment to decrease the likelihood of liver damage. The aim of treating under-or overactivity of the thyroid in pregnant women is to reach a euthyroid state as rapidly as possible and ensure this remains so for the entire pregnancy. Currently, intervention is not recommended in pregnant women suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis nor isolated hypothyroxinemia, provided there are no signs of hypothyroidism. It is usually safe practice to delay treating thyroid nodules or low-grade thyroid carcinoma until the end of pregnancy [1]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.