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Öğe A detailed analysis of a diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel-linseed oil biodiesel-ethanol blends in a thermodynamic, economic, and environmental context(Ecopetrol Sa, 2023) Ibrahim, Gehad Yasser Aly Maher; Atak, Nisa Nur; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, HayriThe growing demand for energy, coupled with volatile oil prices and the environmental damage caused by the harmful gases produced when it is used, has prompted countries to explore alternative energy sources. The transportation sector, an important end-user of petroleum, must adapt to the changing energy landscape and opt for new technologies to remain competitive. The study conducted a thorough thermodynamic analysis to assess the economic and environmental impact of using biodiesel (BD) made from cold-pressed linseed crude oil, commercial diesel fuel (DF), and ethanol in a compression-ignition (CI) engine. The study conducted a detailed thermodynamic analysis of performance and emission data recorded from a single-cylinder diesel engine. The analysis included energy, exergy, sustainability, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic parameters. The results pointed out that the fuel energy increases with the load, with B20E5 fuel reaching 6.887 kW at 25% load and 18.908 kW at 75% load. BD and blended fuels were found to have a higher fuel energy compared to DF. At 50% load, DF and B20 fuels have fuel energies of 10.765 kW and 10.888 kW, respectively. The analysis clearly demonstrates that commercial DF outperforms both DF-BD binary fuel blends and DF-BD-ethanol blends in terms of thermal and exergy efficiency values. Furthermore, DF exhibits lower entropy generation and exergy destruction than other binary and ternary blends. At maximum load, the exergy efficiencies of DF, B20, and B20E10 fuels were 28.5%, 25.8%, and 24.7%, respectively. The exergy losses were determined to be 10.495 kW, 12.317 kW, and 13.134 kW, respectively, under the same conditions. Binary and ternary fuel blends have a higher cost of power from the engine shaft due to the expensive market prices of ethanol and linseed oil-based BD compared to DF. However, B20 and B20E10 fuels have a lower environmental cost than DF, with B20 and B20E10 fuels estimated to be 2.8% and 5.3% lower than DF, respectively, at full load. These findings demonstrate the clear advantages of using B20 and B20E10 fuels over DF, both in terms of cost and environmental impact. Additionally, the infusion of ethanol into ternary blends reduces the environmental damage. This study provides a unique perspective on sustainable energy research and serves as a valuable reference for future studies.Öğe A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2020) Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Derviş; Çakmak, AbdülvahapIn this study, engine performance and exhaust emission tests were performed using pure gasoline and volumetrically 10% ethanol-C2 or methanol-C1/gasoline blends (G100, E10, and M10) fuels in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, spark-ignition (SI) engine under constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and different loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). In the tested engine, the brake specific fuel consumption values of G100, M10 and E10 fuels under full load condition were found to be as 0.279 kg/kWh, 0.296 kg/kWh and 0.307 kg/kWh, respectively. When the exhaust emissions were examined, E10 and M10 fuels were observed to have lesser CO, CO2, NOX, and HC emissions compared to pure gasoline. The lowest CO emission was determined as 3.15% for E10 fuel at 75% load. NOX emission decreased with the increase of engine load in all fuel blends, the best performance is measured as 908.86 ppm in E10 fuel at 100% load. The minimum HC emission for E10 fuel was measured as 116.36 ppm at 75% load. Compared with G100 fuel, E10 and M10 blends emitted 39% and 35% less HC emissions, respectively at 75% load. In addition, E10 and M10 fuels generated 8% and 5% less CO2 emissions at all engine loads, respectively, as compared to G100 fuel. As a result of thermodynamic analyses; The highest exergy efficiency values were found to be at 21.0% for G100, 17.92% for E10, and 16.85% for M10, respectively. Besides, the energy efficiencies were obtained to be as 30.01% for G100, 28.33% for E10, and 29.90% for M10, respectively. According to the sustainability analysis, E10 fuel performed better results than M10 fuel in order to be an alternative to G100 fuel.Öğe Application of Higher-Order Alcohols (1-Hexanol-C6 and 1-Heptanol-C7) in a Spark-Ignition Engine: Analysis and Assessment(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, DervişStudies on the usage of gasoline-alcohol blends as an alternative fuel in spark-ignition engines have recently gained momentum. In the present research, energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic analyses were conducted with the performance and emission values acquired by utilizing gasoline, gasoline-heptanol, and gasoline-hexanol fuels (G100, HEX5-20, and HP5-20) as a fuel under different powers at a constant speed of 1600 rpm in a single-cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition engine. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, fuel consumption also increases. NOX emission is higher, and CO and HC emissions are lower in alcohol-based fuel blends than G100 fuel. The highest thermal efficiency is 41.09% in G100 fuel at a power of 5 kW. As the ratio of alcohol in fuel blends increases, thermal efficiency decreases. The highest exergy destruction and entropy generation were determined to be 6.25 kW and 0.02134 kW/K, respectively, in HP20 fuel at a power of 5 kW. Entropy generation increases with an increase in the ratio of alcohol in alcohol-based fuels. HEX20 and HP20 fuels produce 25% and 30% more entropy, respectively, compared to G100 fuel. The mass and financial costs of the damage caused by the CO2 emission of fuels to the environment were determined by conducting four different analyses using energy and exergy analysis data. According to the exergoenvironmental and exergoenviroeconomic analyses, HP20 fuel reached the highest environmental pollution values of 4538.19 kg CO2/month and 65.804 $/month, respectively. The environmental cost of the CO2 emission released from the exhaust to the atmosphere is higher in alcohol-based fuels than G100 fuel. As a result of all analyses, it was concluded that hexanol and heptanol could be alternative fuels in spark-ignition engines under particular conditions.Öğe Dizel Yakıtına Farklı Ağır Alkoller (1-Bütanol, 1-Pentanol ve 1-Hekzanol) İlave Edilmesinin Tek Silindirli Bir Dizel Motorunun Performans, Yanma ve Egzoz Emisyon Karakteristiklerine Etkileri(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2020) Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirPetrol tüketiminin artmasına bağlı olarak tüm dünyada rezervlerin gün geçtikçe azalması ve çevre kirliliğinin ciddi boyutlara ulaşması araştırmacıları içten yanmalı motorlar için alternatif ve temiz enerji kaynakları araştırmaya yönlendirmiştir. Kısa zincirli alkollerin (metanol ve etanol) düşük enerji içerikleri ve setan sayıları gibi olumsuz özelliklerinden dolayı kimyasal yapılarında dört ya da daha fazla karbon atomu içeren ağır alkoller, dizel motorlar için ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dizel yakıtına hacimsel olarak %15 oranlarında 1-bütanol, 1-pentanol ve 1-hekzanol alkolleri eklenerek hazırlanan alternatif yakıtları (Bt15: %15 1-bütanol + %85 dizel yakıtı, Pt15: %15 1-pentanol + %85 dizel yakıtı, Hk15: %15 1-hekzanol + %85 dizel yakıtı) tek silindirli, dört zamanlı, direkt enjeksiyonlu bir dizel motorda 1500 d/d sabit motor devri ve farklı yüklerde (%25, %50, %75 ve %100) test ederek performansı, emisyon ve yanma karakteristiklerini referans dizel yakıt (D100) ile karşılaştırmaktır. Sonuç olarak, alkollerin dizel yakıtına göre düşük kalori değerlerine sahip olmalarından dolayı, alkol karışımlı yakıtlar fren termal verimin azalmasına, fren özgül yakıt tüketiminin ise yükselmesine neden olmuştur. %100 motor yükünde; D100, Bt15, Pt15 ve Hk15 yakıtlarının maksimum net ısı salımı hızları sırasıyla 29,55 J/o, 31,14 J/o, 32,66 J/o ve 33,80 J/o olarak bulunurken, maksimum silindir basınçları ise sırasıyla 46,97 bar, 47,76 bar, 48,41 bar ve 48,91 bar olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca alkol karışımlı yakıtların düşük setan sayılarından dolayı tutuşma gecikmesi süresini dizel yakıtına göre genel olarak artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Dizel yakıtına alkol ilavesi ile CO, HC ve NOX emisyonları ile egzoz gazı sıcaklıkları azalırken, CO2 ve O2 emisyonları ise artmıştır. Tüm deneysel sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, Hk15 karışımının performans, emisyon ve yanma özellikleri açısından en iyi sonuçları verdiği söylenebilir.Öğe Expanded polystyrene styrofoam (EPS) ısı yalıtım malzemelerinde gözenekliliğin ısıl iletkenliğe etkisinin deneysel ve sayısal incelenmesi(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2013) Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Uzun, İbrahimSürekli artan enerji kullanımı ve bu kullanım sırasında oluşan kayıpları önlemek açısından yalıtım uygulamaları kaçınılmaz bir hale gelmektedir. Özellikle enerji kayıplarının çok fazla olduğu yerler olan binalara uygulanacak yalıtım uygulamalarında düşük ısıl iletkenlik, yüksek mukavemet ve kolay uygulanabilirliği açısından sentetik bir yalıtım malzemesi olan Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam (EPS) büyük oranda tercih edilmektedir. EPS üretim aşamasında içyapısında oluşan gözenekler sayesinde mükemmel bir ısı yalıtımı sağlamaktadır. Yalıtım malzemelerinin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değerleri gözeneklilik oranına ve gözeneklerin dağılımına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu nedenle ısı transferi hesaplamalarında gerçek mikro ve makro görüntülerin kullanılması ısı geçişinin açıklanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada gerçek mikro ve makro görüntüler kullanılarak EPS?nin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değeri Fluent 6.3.26 paket programı ile tespit edilmiştir. Sayısal olarak bulunan bu değerler deneysel sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sayısal olarak elde edilen efektif ısıl iletkenlik değerleri deneysel sonuçlara göre 18, 22 ve 32 kg/m3 için sırasıyla %8,1, %10,7 ve %11,6 hata payı göstermiştir. Bu hata oranı da malzemenin içyapısının homojen olmayışı ve modelin 3 boyutlu olarak tasarlanamamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile EPS yalıtım malzemelerinin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değeri mikro ve makro görüntüleri kullanılarak sayısal olarak tespit edilebileceği, ayrıca EPS ısı yalıtım malzemelerinde gözeneklerinde ısı geçişinin hangi yollar ile gerçekleştiği bulunmuştur.Öğe The assessment of fusel oil in a compression-ignition engine in the perspective of the waste to energy concept: investigation of the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Erol, Derviş; Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirFusel oil can be obtained from all agricultural products containing sugar, as well as from starchy products such as corn and potatoes, and from cellulosic products such as sulfite liquor, which is a wood and paper mill residue. Fusel oil is produced as a waste product during the production of bioethyl alcohol or biomethyl alcohol from sugar beet pulp remaining during sugar production in Turkey. In this study, alternative fuel blends prepared by infusing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of fusel oil to diesel (DF) by volume were tested in a single-cylinder, diesel engine at 1500 rpm and different loads, and thus, engine performance, pollutant emissions, and combustion characteristics were determined and compared with reference diesel. As a result, since fusel oil has lower calorific values than diesel, alcohol fuel blends caused a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). It was observed that carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke emissions decreased significantly with addition of FUSEL oil to diesel while carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O-2) emissions, which are an indicator of complete combustion, increased. This occurred since oxygen molecules in chemical structure of fusel oil improved emissions. Concerning combustion characteristics, it was observed that addition of fusel oil to baseline diesel generally increased in figures of in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate. Moreover, it was determined that alcohol fuel blends generally increased ignition delay time compared to diesel due to their low cetane numbers. When all experimental results are evaluated, it can be said that fusel oil additive significantly reduces exhaust emissions without considerably affecting combustion and performance characteristics.Öğe The effects of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder, working fluids, and engine speed on the energy and exergy performance characteristics of a β-type Stirling engine with a slider-crank drive mechanism(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, HayriStirling engines are power generation systems working with the external heating principle and converting heat energy into mechanical energy. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were performed using the data of performance tests in which helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids in a beta-type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm(3) and a slider-crank drive mechanism. Moreover, the impact of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on engine power was revealed. In the study, three displacer cylinders, smooth, 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel displacer cylinders, were used. Performance tests were conducted at five charge pressures varying between 1 and 5 bar, with the hot end temperature of 1000 +/- 10K and the cold end temperature of 300 +/- 5K. The heat transferred to the hot zone, thermal losses and efficiency were calculated in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was 45.50% when a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder was used with helium as the working fluid. Thermal efficiency values were 32.87% and 32.60% for nitrogen and air, respectively, under the same conditions. Entropy generation, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency were calculated in the exergy analysis. The lowest exergy destruction was obtained using a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder with helium as the working fluid. Furthermore, the impact of engine speed on exergy efficiency was determined.Öğe The experimental investigation on the impact of n-octanol in the compression-ignition engine operating with biodiesel/diesel fuel blends: exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental analyses(Springer, 2022) Çakmak, Abdulvahap; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Erol, Derviş; Doğan, BattalThe use of alcohol with traditional diesel fuel in diesel engines reduces environmental damage. When the ternary mixtures obtained by adding biodiesel to diesel-alcohol fuel mixtures are used without making any changes in the compression-ignition (CI) engine, there is no significant problem in terms of performance and emissions. This research dealt energetic, exergetic, and environmental evaluation for a CI engine fueled with blends created using diesel/biodiesel/n-octanol at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and different loads (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Performance and emission values were recorded in the tests. Economic and environmental analyses were realized by using the data obtained in these tests in thermodynamic relations. The losses and efficiency of the engine were computed in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was found to be 40.6% in B20 and B20OCT5 at full load, while the lowest one was observed to be 15.77% when the engine fueled with B100 at 25% load. In the exergy analysis, exhaust exergy, exergy destroyed, and entropy generation were determined. Thermal and exergy efficiencies were parallel in all fuels depending on the load. The highest exergy efficiency was calculated to be 30.4% for B20 and B20OCT5 at full load. Lower exergy destruction was acquired for diesel fuel at full load in comparison with B20OCT20, B20OCT15 and B20OCT10. CO2 emission of fuels was used in exergy-based environmental analysis. The lowest environmental cost was determined as 3.85 $ month(-1) at 25% load in B20OCT10. The highest power cost was achieved to be 10.61 $ MJ(-1) at 25% load when the engine was run on B20OCT20. The cost of exergy losses at 25% load was computed to be 3.67 $ h(-1) for B20OCT20. While the increase in alcohol content in the blends caused a decrease in harmful pollutants, it is not economical due to the expensive pump prices. To conclude, it is to be clearly indicated that due to systematic thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses and the usage of n-octanol as a long-chain alcohol in the CI engine with blending diesel and biodiesel, this paper goes beyond previous efforts in the literature.Öğe The industrial-grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil biodiesel application in a diesel engine: combustion, harmful pollutants, and performance characteristics(Edp Sciences S A, 2022) Yılbaşı, Zeki; Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir; Yaman, Hayri; Arslan, MevlütThe core focus of the present investigation is regarding biodiesel production from industrial hemp seed oil applying single-stage homogenous catalyzed transesterification process obtaining high yield of methyl ester. The engine tests were carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, unmodified diesel engine operating with hemp seed oil methyl ester as well as its blends with conventional diesel fuel. The experimental findings of the test fuels were compared with those from diesel. The results pointed out that the performance and combustion behaviors of biodiesel fuels are just about in line with those of diesel fuel propensity. The specific fuel consumption for 5% biodiesel blend (0.291 kg/kW h), 10% biodiesel blend (0.305 kg/kW h), and 20% biodiesel blend (0.312 kg/kW h) blends at full load was closer to diesel (0.275 kg/kW h). In the meantime, the thermal efficiency for biodiesel was found to be at the range of 15.98-24.97% and it was slightly lower than that of diesel (18.10-29.85%) at the working loads. On the other hand, the harmful pollutant characteristics of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke opacity for biodiesel and its blends were observed to be lower in comparison with diesel during the trials. However, the oxides of nitrogen emissions for biodiesel were monitored to be as 6.85-15.40 g/kW h which was remarkably higher than that of diesel (4.71-8.63 g/kW h). Besides that, the combustion behaviors of biodiesel and its blends with diesel showed much the same followed those of diesel. Namely, the duration of ignition delay of biodiesel-diesel blends was shorter than that of diesel fuel because of the higher cetane number specification of the methyl ester. The highest gas pressures inside the cylinder as well as the rates of the heat release of biodiesel including test fuels are lower in contrast to the diesel due to the shorter ignition delay. It could be concluded that the utilization of biodiesel produced from industrial hemp seed oil in the diesel engine up to 20% (by vol.) will decrease the consumption of diesel and environmental pollution, especially in developing countries.Öğe The influence of n-pentanol blending with gasoline on performance, combustion, and emission behaviors of an SI engine(Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2021) Yaman, Hayri; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirThis experimental research deals with the characteristic work on the performance, combustion, and exhaust pollutants for unleaded gasoline mixed with n-pentanol in the proportion of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (by vol.) of the total quantity. The trials were performed on a 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, port-fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition (SI) engine loading an AC active dynamometer so as to scrutinize the aforementioned behaviors of n-pentanol. The test fuels (unleaded gasoline, Pt5, Pt10, Pt15, and Pt20) were experimented with at various loads ranging from 1 kW to 5 kW with intervals of 1 kW under 1600 rpm fixed speed. The findings coming from the tests exhibited that the infusion of n-pentanol to gasoline has caused to reducing the HC, CO, CO2, and NO emissions in contrast to the baseline gasoline however, O-2 levels were observed to be higher. At all of the engine loads, n-pentanol blends exhibited an improvement in BTE when compared with gasoline by reason of the inherent oxygen concentration of used alcohol. As hoped, the peak in-cylinder pressure and apparent heat release rate (HRR) values for the tested fuel blends were found to be higher than that of UG test fuel. It is to be noticed that the higher-order alcohol namely n-pentanol may be used as a partial replacement for gasoline fuel in the SI engine applications according to the experimental outcomes. (C) 2021 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.Öğe The investigation of effects on the engine performance characteristics of different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder for a beta-type Stirling engine with the slider-crank drive mechanism(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Yaman, Hayri; Doğan, Battal; Erol, Derviş; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirThis study was focused to develop a power generation system that could use renewable energy resources more efficiently. In accordance with this purpose, the design, manufacturing, and testing of a Stirling engine with a beta-type slider-crank drive mechanism were carried out. Helium, nitrogen, and air were utilized as working fluids, and experimental studies were performed at various charge pressures. Moreover, the effects of three different channel geometries in the displacer cylinder on the performance were researched. The maximum power was obtained as 160.5 W in a 120-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at a charge pressure of 4 bar and 400 rpm engine speed. The highest torque was found to be 7.92 Nm in a 66-slot channel displacer cylinder in the helium working fluid at the aforementioned charge pressure and 100 rpm engine speed. The lowest engine power output among the maximum engine powers was obtained to be 48.3 W when air was used as a working fluid at a pressure of 4 bar and an engine speed of 200 rpm, using a smooth displacer cylinder. Use of channels in the displacer cylinder and the increased number of channels had positive effects on engine performance. It was determined that the maximum engine power output obtained in the experimental studies was 46.0% and 49.86% higher in the 66-slot channel, and 120-slot channel cylinders, respectively, compared to the smooth displacer cylinder. It has been observed that when the number of channels on the displacer cylinder was increased by approximately 81.8%, an increase of approximately 2.62% was obtained in the engine power output. This situation revealed that optimization of the number of channels is important.Öğe Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a spark-ignition engine operating with bioethanol-gasoline blends(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Doğan, Battal; Yılbaşı, Zeki; Yaman, Hayri; Yeşilyurt, Murat KadirThe problems associated with the use of fossil energy sources, as well as the constant rise in energy demand, have increased the importance of biofuels. In this study, the use of gasoline/bioethanol dual fuel blend as an alternative fuel in an SI engine was investigated by experiments and thermodynamic analysis. In experimental studies, performance and emission tests were performed at three different bioethanol ratios (10%-30%) at five different engine speeds (1200-1600 rpm). Thermodynamic and economic analyses were accomplished considering fuel consumption, torque, temperatures of cooling water and exhaust gases, and emissions obtained from these tests. Besides that, the sustainability index value of the fuel blends was taken into account. The augmentation of bioethanol fraction in the mixtures leads to a decline in thermal and exergy efficiencies. When the speed is 1600 rpm, the thermal and exergetic efficiencies of B0 fuel are 2.66% and 3.73% higher than those of B30 fuel, respectively. When the bioethanol concentration in the blends increased, the destroyed exergy increased. The exergy lost for G100, B10, B20, and B30 fuel blends were calculated as 6.822, 6.985, 6.908, and 7.017 respectively when the speed was adjusted to be 1200 rpm. The exergetic efficiency values for G100 and B30 at 1200 rpm were observed to be 36.82% and 35.39%, respectively. Based on the exergoeconomic analysis, the rise in the concentration of bioethanol in the blends increases the fuel cost rate, and accordingly, the unit cost of engine power exergy increases. The unit cost of engine power exergy in B30 fuel is approximately 50% higher than that of G100 fuel. The exergoeconomic factor was found to be 2.52 for G100, 1.893 for B10, 1.511 for B20, and 1.217 for B30 at the speed of 1200 rpm. The minimum sustainability index in all engine speeds in bioethanol fuel blends was calculated as 1.548.
