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    Concentration of essential and non-essential elements and carcinogenic / non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of commercial bee pollens from Turkey
    (Elsevier GmbH, 2023) Sevin, Sedat; Tutun, Hidayet; Yipel, Mustafa; Aluç, Yaşar; Ekici, Hüsamettin
    Background: Bee pollen, known as a natural super-food with valuable nutritional ingredients, is regarded as a good indicator of ecotoxic substances, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Therefore, this study aims to examine the concentrations of selected PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, V, Zn) in bee pollen purchased from online markets in Turkey and perform a health risk assessment to identify the potential risk to consumers. Methods: The quantitative analyses were conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The mean values of essential PTEs in decreasing content order were Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Se > Cr > Mo >Co = V. Regarding the results of the study, daily consumption (40 g for adult or 20 g for children) of commercial bee pollen can recompense 20–35 % of daily Cu, Mn, Se requirements for children, adults, pregnant, and breastfeeding women. The decreasing content order of non-essential elements was Al > Sn > Sr > Ba > Pb > As. Cadmium and Hg concentrations were below the detection limits in all the samples. In terms of food and public health; detection of the PTEs concentrations is necessary to assess the quality and safety of bee pollen before consumption. According to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments; commercial pollen consumption does not pose a health risk to either children or adults for the PTEs monitored in this study. Conclusion: We conclude that bee pollen is an ideal indicator for the monitoring of environmental pollution of PTEs and also a valuable source of essential elements. This study highlights the need to develop standards that regulate acceptable concentrations of PTEs. © 2022 Elsevier GmbH
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    Öğe
    Concentration of essential and non-essential elements and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of commercial bee pollens from Turkey
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2023) Sevin, Sedat; Tutun, Hidayet; Yipel, Mustafa; Aluc, Yasar; Ekici, Husamettin
    Background: Bee pollen, known as a natural super-food with valuable nutritional ingredients, is regarded as a good indicator of ecotoxic substances, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Therefore, this study aims to examine the concentrations of selected PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, V, Zn) in bee pollen purchased from online markets in Turkey and perform a health risk assessment to identify the potential risk to consumers.Methods: The quantitative analyses were conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Results: The mean values of essential PTEs in decreasing content order were Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Se > Cr > Mo >Co = V. Regarding the results of the study, daily consumption (40 g for adult or 20 g for children) of commercial bee pollen can recompense 20-35 % of daily Cu, Mn, Se requirements for children, adults, pregnant, and breastfeeding women. The decreasing content order of non-essential elements was Al > Sn > Sr > Ba > Pb > As. Cadmium and Hg concentrations were below the detection limits in all the samples. In terms of food and public health; detection of the PTEs concentrations is necessary to assess the quality and safety of bee pollen before consumption. According to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments; commercial pollen consumption does not pose a health risk to either children or adults for the PTEs monitored in this study.Conclusion: We conclude that bee pollen is an ideal indicator for the monitoring of environmental pollution of PTEs and also a valuable source of essential elements. This study highlights the need to develop standards that regulate acceptable concentrations of PTEs.
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    Öğe
    Concentrations of Essential and Non-essential Toxic Trace Elements in Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa L., 1758) Tissues from Southern Turkey
    (Springer, 2014) Yarsan, Ender; Yipel, Mustafa; Dikmen, Bilal; Altintas, Levent; Ekici, Hüsamettin; Köksal, Ali
    Wild animals, including wild boars, are suitable for use as bioindicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected essential (Co, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn) and non-essential (As, Cd, Pb) potentially toxic trace elements in various tissues (hair and hoof) of wild boars hunted in the vicinity of Antalya province in Turkey, in relation to hunting seasons. Concentrations in mg/kg on dry weight basis were determined as 0.37 +/- A 0.27 mg/kg for As, 0.05 +/- A 0.04 mg/kg for Cd, 0.24 +/- A 0.33 mg/kg for Co, 4.84 +/- A 2.48 mg/kg for Cu, 289.94 +/- A 165.26 mg/kg for Fe, 8.71 +/- A 15.68 mg/kg for Pb, 0.24 +/- A 0.10 mg/kg for Se, and 28.99 +/- A 21.41 mg/kg for Zn in the hair samples; and as 0.11 +/- A 0.04 mg/kg for As, 0.01 +/- A 0.04 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01 +/- A 0.01 mg/kg for Co, 1.03 +/- A 0.25 mg/kg for Cu, 56.88 +/- A 18.68 mg/kg for Fe, 0.30 +/- A 0.18 mg/kg for Pb, 0.11 +/- A 0.05 mg/kg for Se, and 17.91 +/- A 10.98 mg/kg for Zn in the hoof samples.
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    Karadeniz, Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz'de Avlanan Kabuklularda Organokalay (Butilkalay ve Fenilkalay) Bileşiklerinin Araştırılması
    (2024) Ekici, Hüsamettin; Yipel, Mustafa
    Günümüzde çevre koşulları göz önüne alındığında sürdürülebilir çevre açısından kirleticilerin varlıkları, düzeyleri ve etkilerinin izlenerek gerekli önlemlerin alınması önemli bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Organometalik kimya ve katalizin son yıllardaki hızlı gelişimi, modern kimya biliminin yönünü değiştirmiş ve organik sentez, farmasötik uygulamalar, kimya endüstrisi, malzeme bilimi, enerji araştırmaları ve diğer birçok alana çok sayıda katkı sağlamıştır. Çevrede fazla miktarda organometalik bileşik bulunmaktadır. Çevre, okyanuslar, içme suyu kaynakları, okyanuslarda tortullar, bitki örtüsü ve hayvan yaşamı ile ilişkilidir. Bu bileşikler insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle meydana gelen organometalik bileşiklerin detaylı olarak bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Organokalay kirletici olan tribütilkalay (TBT) ve Tetrabütilkalay (TetraBT), çevresel endokrin bozucu bir kimyasaldır ve bilinen bir obezojen ve diyabetojendir. Tetrabütilkalay, tribütilkalay ve dibütilkalay bileşiklerinin öncüsüdür. Çevresel endokrin bozucu kimyasallar, endokrin sisteme müdahale ederek zararlı etkilere neden olabilmekte, insan ve yaban hayatı popülasyonlarını olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Çalışmada su ürünleri kooperatif ve satış noktalarından yasal mevzuat doğrultusunda Karadeniz, Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz?de avlanmış beyaz kum midyesi (Chamelea gallina), pembe karides (Parapenaeus longirostris) ve deniz salyangozu (Rapana thomasiana) örneklerinde debutilkalay (dibütilkalay [DBT], tribütilkalay [TBT] Tetrabütilkalay [TetraBT]) ve fenilkalay (monofenilkalay [PhT], difenilkalay [DPhT], trifenilkalay [TPhT]) kontaminasyon düzeylerinin GC-MS ile analiz edildi. Yapılan analiz sonucunda örneklem yapılan bölgelerden alınan numunelerde butilkalay [dibütilkalay (DBT), tetrabütilkalay (TetraBT)] ve fenilkalay [monofenilkalay (PhT), difenilkalay (DPhT), trifenilkalay (TPhT)] kontaminasyon düzeyleri tespit limitlerinin (LOD) altında olduğu tespit edildi. Yapılan bu çalışmada kullanılan ekstraksiyon metodu ve GC-MS analizlerinden elde edilen tespit limitleri örneklem yapılan alanlardaki kirlilik düzeylerinin tam tespiti için yeterli olarak görülmemiştir. Dolayısıyla daha farklı yöntemlerin denenmesi önerilmiştir. Ayrıca, bu organokalay bileşiklerinin zehirlilik potansiyeli ve artan kullanımları dolayısıyla organokalaylı bileşiklerin gıda zincirine katılarak insan sağlığı üzerinde oluşturacakları risklerin araştırılacağı çalışmalara da ilginin artacağı da düşünülmektedir.
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    The content and health risk assessment of selected elements in bee pollen and propolis from Turkey
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Tutun, Hidayet; Aluc, Yasar; Kahraman, Hatice Ahu; Sevin, Sedat; Yipel, Mustafa; Ekici, Husamettin
    This study aimed to determine the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, and Zn, in pollen and propolis samples collected from migratory beekeeping areas in Turkey. A health risk assessment was performed to identify the potential risk of these PTEs to consumers in terms of public health. Concentrations of the elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The most abundant element in the bee pollen and propolis samples was Fe, with average concentrations of 47.3 and 390 mg kg(-1), respectively, followed by Al, Zn, Mn and Sn. Concentrations of all elements except Cu, Mn and Sn were higher in propolis than in pollen. The concentrations of Fe, Al, and Zn in the propolis samples were over eight, seven, and two times higher than in the bee pollen samples, respectively. Se, Cd, and Hg in pollen and Se and Cd in propolis were below the detection limits. Pb, Co, and Cr were detected below 0.62, 0.06, and 0.91 mg kg(-1), in pollen samples, respectively. Co and Hg were detected below 0.68, and 0.18 mg kg(-1), in propolis samples, respectively. Detection of the PTEs contamination level and assessment of the health risks in pollen and propolis is necessary to ascertain quality and safety before consumption. In this study, we concluded that bee pollen and propolis may be good indicators for the screening of environmental pollution with PTEs and standards regulating acceptable concentrations of these pollutants in bee products should be established. In addition, it has been determined that consumption at the specified rates does not pose a risk. This study suggests the determination of admissible concentrations of PTEs in bee pollen and propolis.
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    Total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and fumonisin in dry dog food: A risk assessment for dog health
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Ekici, Huesamettin; Yipel, Mustafa
    The aim of this study was to measure total aflatoxin (AFT), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OCA) and fumonisin (FUM) concentrations in dry dog feed and to evaluate the risk to animal health posed by their increased levels. A total of 90 dry food samples, which were commercially available to the owner, were collected from different shops in Turkey. Some of the food samples were collected from open packages, from which the dry food was sold in smaller amounts. Using commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits, all samples were examined for AFT, AFB1, OCA, and FUM concentrations. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for confirmation of measured parameters in 30 samples. The ELISA tests found AFT, AFB1, OCA, and FM concentrations (ng g-1) as 1.66, 0.64, 2.14, and 87.06, respectively. In terms of risk assessment, consumption of the dry foods, which are contaminated by AFT, AFB1 and OCA due possibly to the fact that the dry foods are produced from inappropriate raw material or sold in open packages in smaller amounts, poses a significant health risk for dogs. As a result, it is necessary to monitor the mycotoxin load in dry dog food as the use of raw materials of poor quality and selling the feed in smaller amounts from open packages over an uncertain time period predispose the dry feed to the growth of mycotoxin, especially when the storage conditions are favorable.