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Öğe Antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance in chicken, cattle, and sheep origin E. coli and whole-genome sequencing analysis of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain(Wiley, 2022) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Cengiz, Görkem; Acar, Bahar Onaran; Yesilkaya, Busra; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Levent, Gizem; Goncuoğlu, MuammerIn this study, antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance profiles of E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates were determined, and whole-genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain was reported. A total of 70 E. coli isolated from chicken neck skin and sheep cecum samples, and 32 E. coli O157 strains isolated from cattle carcass, sheep carcass, and slaughterhouse wastewater samples were explored. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of one antibiotics, eight heavy metals, and three disinfectants were determined by the broth microdilution method. Twenty of those isolates exhibiting high MIC values against compounds tested were further analyzed by PCR for the presence of relevant resistance genes (n = 42). The majority of the isolates tested were resistant to erythromycin and/or fosfomycin (99% and 78%, respectively) and 89% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Among the heavy metals, and disinfectants that were quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) tested, the highest prevalence of resistance was observed against nickel (71%) and followed by zinc (62%), and N-alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (26%). While bla(AmpC), ermC, murA, and aadA were the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes, rcnA and zntA, and mdfA, sugE (c), and ydg(F) were also commonly observed as heavy metal and disinfectant genes, respectively. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was performed for a single multidrug-resistant strain (E. coli P91). This strain was identified as serotype O100:H25, and harbored three Inc class plasmids and ant(2 '')-Ia, aph(3 ')-Ia, aph(3 '')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla(TEM-1A), dfrA5, mdf(A), sul1, sul2, and tet(A) genes along with the various heavy metal and disinfectant related genes. The findings of the study show that both phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance are highly prevalent in E. coli isolates that originated from food-producing animals. The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals needs to be carefully evaluated since the coexistence of antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance genes may result in a coselection that yields the emergence and spread of highly persistent and resistant strains in agricultural settings.Öğe Prevalence, Serotype Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Among Poultry Meat and Eggs in Turkiye: A Meta-analysis(Galenos Publ House, 2023) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Ambarcıoğlu, Pınar; Derinoz, Aşkın Nur; Ayaz, Naim DenizPoultry is a well-known reservoir for Salmonella, and therefore numerous outbreaks have been reported among poultry meat products and eggs. This study is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella among poultry meat and eggs sold in Turkiye. For this purpose, international (Web of Science and PubMed) and national (ULAKBIM TR Index) electronic databases were searched using based on relevant keywords in English and Turkish, and out of 1,818 articles, 41 were deemed eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The random effects model was accepted when a substantial heterogeneity was obtained according to Q statistics and the I2 value, however the fixed effects model was assumed valid in the opposite case. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella in chicken parts, chicken carcasses, chicken giblets and eggs were 24.4% [95% confidence interval (CI)=17.8-32.6], 21.9% (95% CI=14.0-32.7), 20.1% (95% CI=10.7- 34.6) and 4.8% (95% CI=1.7-13.3), respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most common serotype among eggs, chicken parts and chicken carcasses with the rates of 22.4% (95% CI=3.6-69.3), 19.0% (95% CI=3.3-61.6) and 5.8% (95% CI=2.2-14.4), respectively. The highest pooled antibiotic resistance prevalence of Salmonella spp., regardless of food type, was found in tetracycline (73.9%, 95% CI=51.0-88.5) (p<0.041) and ampicillin (31.5%, 95% CI=20.7-44.6). The high-pooled prevalence of the organism emphasized the potential threat Salmonella poses to public health, and also antibiotic resistance data revealed that the use of tetracyclines, quinolones and penicillin in poultry livestock should be restricted. These results will be of great use in the future epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella spp. presence and antibiotic resistance among poultry meat and eggs in Turkiye.Öğe Yoğurt üretiminde kontaminasyon kaynaklarının belirlenmesi(2004) Kasımoğlu, Aylin; Şireli, U. Tansel; Akgün, SadiBu çalışmada, koliform bakteri ve Escherichia coli sorunu olan bir fabrikadaki kontaminasyon nedeni olan kritik kontrol noktalarının belirlenmesi, hijyen kurallarına uygun üretim yapılmasının sağlanması, ekonomik kayıpların önlenmesi ve halk sağlığının korunması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada üretimin başından sonuna kadar her aşamada süt işletmesinde kullanılan aletler, malzemeler, temasta bulunulan yüzeyler, hava, personel elleri ve su örnekleri olmak üzere toplam 20 kontrol noktasından ve kontrollerin yapıldığı günlerde üretilen yoğurtlardan örnekler alınmıştır. Her bir örneğin, aerob mezofil genel canlı, enterobakteriler, koliform bakteriler, E. coli, stafilokok-mikrokok, koagulaz pozitif stafilokok, enterokok, maya ve küf yönünden mikrobiyolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, enterobakteriler ve koliform bakterilerin özellikle E. coli ile kontaminasyona neden olan kritik kontrol noktalarının; vakum cihazı, süt pompası ve personel elleri olduğu belirlenmiş, ancak ekipman temizliğinin öğretilmesi, hijyenik önlem amacıyla gerçekleştirilen personel eğitimi ve el dezenfektanı kullanımını veya kullanılmasından sonrasında yapılan kontrollerde risk bulunmamıştır. Türkiye'deki süt fabrikalarında dizaynın standart olmaması nedeniyle kontaminasyon kaynaklarının farklı olması kaçınılmazdır. Bu kapsamda, risklerin en aza indirilmesi veya ortadan kaldırılması için süt işletmelerinde kendine özgü kritik kontrol noktalarının belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.
