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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12587/17956

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Antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance in chicken, cattle, and sheep origin E. coli and whole-genome sequencing analysis of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain
(Wiley, 2022) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Cengiz, Görkem; Acar, Bahar Onaran; Yesilkaya, Busra; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Levent, Gizem; Goncuoğlu, Muammer
In this study, antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance profiles of E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates were determined, and whole-genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain was reported. A total of 70 E. coli isolated from chicken neck skin and sheep cecum samples, and 32 E. coli O157 strains isolated from cattle carcass, sheep carcass, and slaughterhouse wastewater samples were explored. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of one antibiotics, eight heavy metals, and three disinfectants were determined by the broth microdilution method. Twenty of those isolates exhibiting high MIC values against compounds tested were further analyzed by PCR for the presence of relevant resistance genes (n = 42). The majority of the isolates tested were resistant to erythromycin and/or fosfomycin (99% and 78%, respectively) and 89% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Among the heavy metals, and disinfectants that were quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) tested, the highest prevalence of resistance was observed against nickel (71%) and followed by zinc (62%), and N-alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (26%). While bla(AmpC), ermC, murA, and aadA were the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes, rcnA and zntA, and mdfA, sugE (c), and ydg(F) were also commonly observed as heavy metal and disinfectant genes, respectively. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was performed for a single multidrug-resistant strain (E. coli P91). This strain was identified as serotype O100:H25, and harbored three Inc class plasmids and ant(2 '')-Ia, aph(3 ')-Ia, aph(3 '')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla(TEM-1A), dfrA5, mdf(A), sul1, sul2, and tet(A) genes along with the various heavy metal and disinfectant related genes. The findings of the study show that both phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance are highly prevalent in E. coli isolates that originated from food-producing animals. The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals needs to be carefully evaluated since the coexistence of antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance genes may result in a coselection that yields the emergence and spread of highly persistent and resistant strains in agricultural settings.
Experiences in Delivering Teaching and Learning Practices in Establishments of Veterinary Education of the Mediterranean Region Under COVID-19 Pandemic: From Crisis to Opportunities
(Aves, 2022) Fejzic, Nihad; Seric-Haracic, Sabina; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; De Meneghi, Daniele; Abu Basha, Ehab; Tligui, Noursaid; Ettriqui, Abdelfettah
In this study, the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic crisis on veterinary education in selected members of the Mediterranean Network of Veterinary Education Establishments (Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Italy, Turkey, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunis) was analyzed. The challenges presented by the pandemic and new approaches and practices adopted by different veterinary education establishments in the Mediterranean region to address the long-term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 on veterinary education were highlighted. Although countries in this region followed different epidemiological policies, restrictions of access of veterinary students to teaching hospitals, extramural facilities, and laboratories were prolonged over the entire time during 2020 and 2021 in most of the veterinary education establishments. It could be concluded that strengthening the existing networks of veterinary education establishments in the region by sharing experiences, standardization of curricula (regional and international accreditation), and networking are seen as an opportunity for improvement of the quality of teaching and competence in this digital era. Unfortunately, more work is still required to achieve such an ambitious agenda including galvanization of public demands for quality education, political will to implement changes, and securing financial support and other resources to continue program development across the region.
Effect of kefir consumption on intestinal microbiota and some blood parameters in Angora cats
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Kabakçı, Ruhi; Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Şen, Gökhan
Probiotics are one of the best alternatives to improve gut health. Kefir, which was discovered in the North Caucasus centuries ago, is still consumed frequently today due to its health benefits. Its impacts on the gastrointestinal system have begun to be investigated in animals. In this study, we focused to examine the effect of kefir on intestinal microbiota, some hematological parameters, and fecal quality in Angora cats to provide preliminary data regarding the hypothesis of its use as an alternative probiotic food supplement. Commercial kefir was given orally (30 mL/kg) to seven healthy Angora cats for 14 days. On day 0 and day 14, fresh feces and blood of the cats were collected. The results showed that two-week kefir consumption significantly increased the number of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, and yeast in the gut microbiota (p < 0.05). Also, a significant decrease was recorded in the number of enterococci (p 0.05). Measured hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT) were not affected during the experiment (p 0.05). Additionally, no significant changes were recorded in the body weights, body condition scores, fecal scores, and fecal water contents (p 0.05). Daily kefir consumption positively altered the intestinal microbiota of Angora cats by increasing the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, and yeast. Moreover, no detrimental effect was observed in the blood parameters, body condition scores, and fecal quality. Therefore, it could be suggested that including kefir in Angora cats??? daily diets can improve their health conditions.
Mono- and Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation by Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kentucky, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis
(Istanbul Univ-Cerrahpasa, 2021) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Onaran Acar, Bahar; Cengiz, Görkem; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Göncüoğlu, Muammer
It is crucial to understand the interactions between food-borne pathogens, as they are commonly encountered as multi-species biofilms in the food industry. Since Salmonella and Enterococcus are both found in poultry intestinal micro-biota, the multi-species biofilms of these strains gain more significance. This study aimed to reveal the synergistic and antagonistic effects of mono- and mixed-species biofilms of Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kentucky, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis on each other. Biofilm formation of mono- and mixed-species at different concentrations (10(9), 10(7), 10(5), and 10(3) cfu/mL) were determined in Tryptic Soy Broth using polystyrene microplates at room temperature (21 +/- 1 degrees C) for 48 hours. According to the optical density measured at 590 nm, S. Infantis was determined as a strong biofilm producer, and S. Kentucky and E. faecium were defined as weak biofilm producers under the conditions applied in the study. No biofilm formation was observed in E. faecalis. In addition, while S. Infantis and S. Kentucky exhibited an antagonistic effect on each other when co-incubated, a synergistic effect was seen between the S. Infantis and Enterococcus spp. This study highlights the impact of microbial interactions in mixed-species biofilm formed by foodborne pathogens, and could help in future studies on combating biofilms, especially in poultry-based food processing environments.
Prevalence, Serotype Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Among Poultry Meat and Eggs in Turkiye: A Meta-analysis
(Galenos Publ House, 2023) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Ambarcıoğlu, Pınar; Derinoz, Aşkın Nur; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
Poultry is a well-known reservoir for Salmonella, and therefore numerous outbreaks have been reported among poultry meat products and eggs. This study is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence, serotype diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella among poultry meat and eggs sold in Turkiye. For this purpose, international (Web of Science and PubMed) and national (ULAKBIM TR Index) electronic databases were searched using based on relevant keywords in English and Turkish, and out of 1,818 articles, 41 were deemed eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The random effects model was accepted when a substantial heterogeneity was obtained according to Q statistics and the I2 value, however the fixed effects model was assumed valid in the opposite case. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella in chicken parts, chicken carcasses, chicken giblets and eggs were 24.4% [95% confidence interval (CI)=17.8-32.6], 21.9% (95% CI=14.0-32.7), 20.1% (95% CI=10.7- 34.6) and 4.8% (95% CI=1.7-13.3), respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most common serotype among eggs, chicken parts and chicken carcasses with the rates of 22.4% (95% CI=3.6-69.3), 19.0% (95% CI=3.3-61.6) and 5.8% (95% CI=2.2-14.4), respectively. The highest pooled antibiotic resistance prevalence of Salmonella spp., regardless of food type, was found in tetracycline (73.9%, 95% CI=51.0-88.5) (p<0.041) and ampicillin (31.5%, 95% CI=20.7-44.6). The high-pooled prevalence of the organism emphasized the potential threat Salmonella poses to public health, and also antibiotic resistance data revealed that the use of tetracyclines, quinolones and penicillin in poultry livestock should be restricted. These results will be of great use in the future epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella spp. presence and antibiotic resistance among poultry meat and eggs in Turkiye.
Yoğurt üretiminde kontaminasyon kaynaklarının belirlenmesi
(2004) Kasımoğlu, Aylin; Şireli, U. Tansel; Akgün, Sadi
Bu çalışmada, koliform bakteri ve Escherichia coli sorunu olan bir fabrikadaki kontaminasyon nedeni olan kritik kontrol noktalarının belirlenmesi, hijyen kurallarına uygun üretim yapılmasının sağlanması, ekonomik kayıpların önlenmesi ve halk sağlığının korunması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada üretimin başından sonuna kadar her aşamada süt işletmesinde kullanılan aletler, malzemeler, temasta bulunulan yüzeyler, hava, personel elleri ve su örnekleri olmak üzere toplam 20 kontrol noktasından ve kontrollerin yapıldığı günlerde üretilen yoğurtlardan örnekler alınmıştır. Her bir örneğin, aerob mezofil genel canlı, enterobakteriler, koliform bakteriler, E. coli, stafilokok-mikrokok, koagulaz pozitif stafilokok, enterokok, maya ve küf yönünden mikrobiyolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, enterobakteriler ve koliform bakterilerin özellikle E. coli ile kontaminasyona neden olan kritik kontrol noktalarının; vakum cihazı, süt pompası ve personel elleri olduğu belirlenmiş, ancak ekipman temizliğinin öğretilmesi, hijyenik önlem amacıyla gerçekleştirilen personel eğitimi ve el dezenfektanı kullanımını veya kullanılmasından sonrasında yapılan kontrollerde risk bulunmamıştır. Türkiye'deki süt fabrikalarında dizaynın standart olmaması nedeniyle kontaminasyon kaynaklarının farklı olması kaçınılmazdır. Bu kapsamda, risklerin en aza indirilmesi veya ortadan kaldırılması için süt işletmelerinde kendine özgü kritik kontrol noktalarının belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.

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